HACCP认证中食品加工厂霉菌污染及其控制方法
HACCP certification of food processing factory mold contamination and its control method
在食品加工过程中“微污染源”很多，如何防止食品被污染乃是一重要课题。霉菌作为为微污染源中的一种，如果不加以控制势必会影响到食品质保期的长短，那又如何控制霉菌污染食品呢？
In the process of food" micro pollution source" many, how to prevent food contamination is an important subject. Mold as micro pollution source in a, if not control, it will affect the food quality assurance period length, then how to control fungal contamination of food?
杀菌消毒专家周立法先生认为：控制霉菌污染，首先要了解霉菌的生长环境、污染食品的条件。在此基础上，方可以提出合理的防控措施，提高食品卫生质量。
Sterilization legislation expert week gentleman thinks: control of mold contamination, we must first understand the mold growth environment, pollution of food conditions. On the basis of this, we can put forward the reasonable control measures, improving the quality of food hygiene.
一、霉菌的生长环境
One, mold growth environment
1、生产车间的墙壁，比较潮湿部位容易生长霉菌。
In 1, the production workshop of the walls, more humid parts easy mildew growth.
2、加工设备存在冷凝水的管路、机壳等容易生长霉菌，
2, processing equipment in condensate water pipeline, a easy mildew growth,
3、空气中所包含的水蒸气，在冷凝、液化时最容易产生霉菌，如车间中温度最低的部位，含天花板、地面、设备表面、墙面等温度低的部位，
In 3, contained in air water vapor condensation, liquefaction, in the most easily produce mold, such as the workshop of temperature the lowest part, including the ceiling, floor, wall, equipment surface temperature low position,
4、车间内无法保证正常换气，无法让车间湿度保持在55%情况下时，容易生长霉菌。
In 4, the workshop to ensure normal ventilation, can make workshop humidity maintains in 55% cases, easy to mildew growth.
5、车间忽冷忽热，容易产生冷凝水的地方，容易遭到霉菌侵害。
Workshop 5, sometimes hot and sometimes cold, easy to produce condensation water, vulnerable to fungal invasion.
6、离墙近的设备、制冷风机容易产生冷凝水，容易产生霉菌。
In 6, away from the wall near the equipment, refrigeration fan easy to produce condensation water, easy to produce mold.
7、温度相对较低的车间速冻库门，请一直保持关闭状态。如果这些温度较低车间的门没有关闭的话，那么旁边车间传过来的热空气涌进行，就形成很高的湿度，从而在空气冷却的时候形成液化，容易生长霉菌。
7, the temperature is relatively low workshop freezer door, please keep off state. If the temperature is low the workshop doors did not close it, then the next workshop came from the hot air surge, formed very high humidity, thereby cooling in air when form liquefied, easy mildew growth.
8、车间的空调系统、净化管道系统等，其自身容易产生霉菌。
8, workshop air conditioning system, purifying pipe system, its easy to produce mold.
二、霉菌的生长习性
In two, mold growth habit
与霉菌的生长繁殖关系密切的有水份、温度、基质、通风等条件，为此，只有充分的了解霉菌的生长习性，才能为下一步控制霉菌提供理论依据。
With the growth of mold propagation is closely related to moisture, temperature, substrate, ventilation and other conditions, therefore, only by fully understanding of fungal growth habit, in order for the next step to control the mold and provide a theoretical basis.
1、水份霉菌生长繁殖主要条件之一是必须保持一定的水份，当食品中的水分活性值为0.98时，霉菌最易生长繁殖；当水分活性值降为0.93以下时，霉菌繁殖受到抑制，但依然仍能生长；当水分活性值在0.7以下时，霉菌的繁殖受到真正的抑制，可以阻止产毒的霉菌繁殖。
1, moisture mold growth and reproduction is one of the main conditions must maintain a certain moisture, when food water activity value is 0.98, the growth of mold; when the water activity value falls below 0.93, mould growth was inhibited, but still can still growth; when the water activity values below 0.7, mold reproduction is the real inhibition, can prevent the toxigenic mold breeding.
2、温度温度对霉菌的繁殖及产毒均有重要的影响，不同种类的霉菌其最适温度是不一样的，大多数霉菌繁殖最适宜的温度为25～30℃，在0℃以下或30℃以上，不能产毒或产毒力减弱。如黄曲霉的最低繁殖温度范围是6-8℃，最高繁殖温度是44～46℃，最适生长温度37℃左右。但产毒温度则不一样，略低于生长最适温度，如黄曲霉的最适产毒温度为28-32℃。
2, temperature of mold propagation and toxin production has important influence, different species of Streptomyces and its optimum temperature is different, most mould breed the most suitable temperature was 25 ~ 30 degrees, 0 degrees below or above 30 DEG C, can produce toxic or attenuated virulence. Such as Aspergillus minimum breeding temperature range is 6-8 C, the highest temperature is 44 to 46 DEG C and reproduction, the optimum growth temperature of about 37 DEG c.. But the toxigenic temperature is different, slightly lower than the growth optimal temperature, such as Aspergillus flavus toxin production of most suitable temperature for 28-32 C.