ISO22000食品安全认证管理的发展趋势    
Food safety certification ISO22000 management development trends
引言
Introduction
食源性危害和食品安全性评价
Foodborne hazards and food safety evaluation
食品安全性管理措施
Food safety management measures
澳大利亚风险分析应用情况
Australia risk analysis application
对实施食品安全性管理的几点看法
On the implementation of food safety management views
结束语
The end
一、引言
One, foreword
人类生存在这个地球上，安全是第一的需要，安全的定义就是"防范潜在的危险"。在社会活动中发生一些危险是难免的，所谓的危险就是可能造成伤害或破坏的根源，或者是可能导致伤害或破坏的某种状态。一般来说，如果遭遇某种危险的概率低于十万分之一，属于低风险，我们稍加提防就能坦然处之；但如果危险概率较高，我们就必须采取适当的防范措施。
Human living on the earth, safety is the first need, safety is defined as" the prevention of potential danger". In the social activity occurring in some risk is inevitable, the risk is likely to cause injury or damage the roots, or may cause harm or destruction of a state. In general, if encounter a dangerous probability is lower than 1/100000, belong to low risk, we can slightly wary of opening; but if the risk of higher probability, we must take proper measures.
风险是指某种特定危险事件(事故或意外事件)发生的可能性和后果的组合。实际上风险是由两个因素组合而成：⑴危险发生的可能性（危险概率）；⑵危险事件（发生）产生的后果。比如飞机失事是严重后果，但是危险概率仅仅是二十五万分之一，属于较低风险。
Risk is the risk that a particular risk of incident ( accident or incident ) possibilities and consequences of combination. In fact risk is determined by two factors: the combination of a dangerous probability ( risk ); hazard event (occurring ) consequences. For example, a plane crash is the serious consequences, but the risk probability is only 1/250000, belong to low risk.
运用风险分析原理是可以控制风险的,这就是对风险进行分析，根据风险程度来采取相应的风险管理措施去控制或者降低风险。
Application of risk analysis theory is the risks can be controlled, this is to the risk analysis, according to the level of risk to take corresponding risk management measures to control or reduce the risk.
风险分析可以运用在社会活动的各个领域，比如金融业，商业银行非系统性风险有信用风险、流动性风险（又称支付风险或声誉风险）、资本风险、竞争风险、内部风险、资财风险和结算风险等7个方面的风险。在新药的研制过程中，面临的风险主要有：项目来源风险、市场风险、技术风险和政策风险等4个方面。通常我们买卖股票更是要承担事先不可预测和难以从主观上加以控制的风险。
Risk analysis can be used in each domains of social activity, such as the financial industry, commercial banks non systematic risk of credit risk, liquidity risk ( also known as the risk of payment or reputational risk ), capital risk, competition risk, internal risk, capital risk and settlement risk from 7 aspects of risk. In new drug development process, are facing the risk of major: project source risk, market risk, technology risk and policy risk from 4 aspects such as. We usually buy and sell stocks is to assume prior unpredictable and difficult to from the subjective to control risk.
对食品安全性进行的风险分析仅仅是风险分析这个概念下的一个具体应用领域。
On the food safety risk analysis just risk analysis under the concept of a specific field of application.
二、 食源性危害和食品安全性评价
Two, foodborne hazards and food safety evaluation
㈠食源性危害
A food borne hazards
食品是人类生存的基本要素，但是食品中有可能含有或者被污染有危害人体健康的物质。因此，在人类发展的初级阶段，既便是在生存条件恶劣、食品供应十分匮乏的情况下，先民们也不会去主动食用对自身健康有不良影响的有毒有害物质。规避风险是人类的本能，也可以说是自然界一切动物的本能。社会的进步使得人们对自身的健康予以更多的关注，科学技术的发展使得人们对食品安全性问题有更多的了解，人们都希望食品安全性有切实的保障，所消费的食品不会对人体健康产生危害。
Food is essential to human beings, but food may contain or be polluted substances harmful to health of human body. Therefore, human development in the primary stage, even in poor living conditions, food supply is scarce, they won't go on their own initiative edible adverse health effects of hazardous substances. Risk aversion is a human instinct, also can say is the nature of all the animals. The progress of the society for people to make their own health more concern, the development of science and technology make people to the food safety problem has more knowledge, people hope that food safety has safeguard, the consumption of food will not cause harm to human health.
这里所说的危害就是指可能对人体健康产生不良后果的因素或状态，食品中具有的危害通常称为食源性危害。就目前来讲，食源性危害大致上可以分为物理性、化学性以及生物性危害这3类。至于这3类危害特征的划分，我国卫生主管部门在有关的卫生标准中已经有所规定，美国国家食品微生物标准顾问委员会（NACMCF）和其他国际组织也已经有比较详细的解释。危害特征的划分是风险分析中风险评估的主要内容，是实施风险管理措施（比如HACCP）的主要依据。