ISO9000认证标准在课堂管理中的应用研究
ISO9000 certification standards in classroom management applied research
一、引言
One, foreword
　　课堂管理是构建和维持有效学习环境，有组织、有目的的师生互动过程，是实施教学活动中不可忽视的一个重要方面，对完成课堂教学任务，使学生保持健康向上的学习心态及培养良好的学习习惯产生重要影响。目前学校教育在课堂管理这个环节上表现出来的课堂外显问题、内隐问题、心理问题愈来愈突出，传统的课堂管理模式与目前的教育培养目标及人才培养的质量要求已日益凸显出它的低效和过时，当今的教育急切需要借助先进的管理策略来建立新的课堂管理理念和模式。在这种背景下，我们在课堂管理中引入ＩＳＯ9000标准，遵循质量管理八项原则，其主要目的是帮助管理者系统地建立质量管理理念，提高管理水平；以质量管理八项原则为理论基础，具体分析学生的需求和满足学生的需要；构建课堂管理多级互管模式；对课堂教学进行过程管理，从而有力地支持课堂管理活动，创建一个积极向上、愉教愉学、和谐成功的课堂管理行为系统。
Classroom management is to build and maintain effective learning environment, organized, with the purpose of teachers and students interaction, is the implementation of teaching activities can not be overlooked an important aspect, to complete the task of classroom teaching, make students keep a healthy learning mentality and cultivating good study habits have important implications. The present school education in class management this link shown on the classroom explicit, implicit problems, psychological problems are more and more prominent, the traditional classroom management mode and the current education of training goal and training quality requirements have become increasingly highlight its inefficient and outdated, today's education is badly in need of using advanced management strategy to establish a new classroom management concept and mode. In this context, we introduce the ISO9000 standard in classroom management, abide by the eight principles of quality management, its main purpose is to help management system to establish the quality management concept, improve the level of management; to the eight principles of quality management as the theoretical basis, specific analysis of the needs of the students and to meet the needs of the students; construction of classroom management level mutual control mode; the classroom teaching process management, thereby effectively support classroom management activities, to create a positive, happy to teach the discovery science, harmonious successful classroom management system.
　　二、课堂管理的现状
In two, the classroom management current situation
　　多年来，课堂管理问题一直沉重地压在领导、教师、家长的心头，教师和学生都是带着紧张的情绪走进课堂，大大削弱了教学的有效性。目前课堂管理问题主要表现在三个方面。1、课堂外显问题：表现为旷课、迟到、考试抄袭，上课睡觉、看课外书；2、课堂内隐问题：表现为听课注意力不集中、不按时完成作业、考试不及格，自制力差；3、课堂心理问题：表现为学生由于受环境、家庭、社会因素、心理缺失的影响，在课堂上表现出自我约束能力差、缺乏进取、厌学，猜疑焦虑、人际关系不和谐等等。以上三种现象在学生行为中，有独立性表现也有重叠性表现，这些在过去为个别现象，发展到今天已成为普遍现象，成为我们应高度重视并加以研究的一个课堂管理的现实问题。
Over the years, the problems of classroom management has been heavily in leadership, teachers, parents of the mind, teachers and students are taking the tension into the classroom, greatly weakened the effectiveness of teaching. At present, the problems of classroom management is mainly manifested in three aspects. In 1, the classroom externalizing problems : expression is absent, late, examination of plagiarism, sleeping in class, read the extracurricular book; 2, the class implicit problem : performance for a class of inattention, can finish the homework on time, failed in the exam, poor self-control; 3, classroom psychological problems: the performance for students due to environment, family, social factors, psychological influence of shortage, in class I binding capacity difference, lack enterprising, weariness, suspicion of anxiety, inharmonious interpersonal relationship and so on. These three kinds of phenomena in the students' behavior, independent performance also overlap, these in the past for the individual phenomenon, to the development of today has become a universal phenomenon, as we should pay attention to and study a classroom management problems.
　　三、课堂管理基本目标
Three, the basic objectives of classroom management
　　在课堂管理中，系统、可行、有效的管理计划，是教师创建和谐课堂的主要支撑点，这个支撑点必须建立在课堂管理目标的基础之上，有了明确的课堂管理目标，教师在教学和管理时，就能履行自己的职责，强化学生的积极行为，课堂管理基本目标大致有以下几个方面。
In classroom management, system, feasible, effective management plan, is the teacher to create a harmonious class main supporting points, the points must be based on class management objectives on the basis of classroom management, a clear goal, teachers in the teaching and management, will be able to perform their duties, strengthen students' active behavior, the basic goal of classroom management has roughly the following several aspects.
 　　1．教学秩序：课堂教学是教学活动的重要环节，建立良好的教学秩序，是提高课堂教学质量的一个基本保证。首先要制定教学课堂程序、学生责任程序并监控课堂程序，让制度和规范约束学生的学习和行为。另一方面，教师按教学规范落实课堂教学的各个环节，确保课堂教学的实施，恰当地分配教学时间，使班集体形成一个良好的学习氛围和良好的班风，促进学生主动学习。
1 teaching order: classroom teaching is the important link of teaching activity, to establish a good teaching order, is to improve the quality of classroom teaching is a basic guarantee. First of all to develop teaching program, students responsibility program and monitoring of classroom procedures, let the system and restrain the student learning and behavior. On the other hand, the teacher according to the teaching standardized implementation of classroom teaching each link, ensure the implementation of classroom instruction, appropriate allocation of teaching time, make the class formed a good learning atmosphere and a good class atmosphere, promote students' active learning.
 　　2．课堂环境：课堂教学环境的创设，对于学生的学习情绪有着较大的影响。一是教室环境应保持清洁卫生，环境舒适，过于拥挤的教室空间易使人产生压抑、烦燥的感觉，因此要考虑学生对教室空间和设施的有效利用：二是教师在课堂上，要预先消除不利因素和消极因素，通过引人入胜的教学安排、和悦的教学语言及适度肢体语言的运用，创建一种积极向上、令人愉悦、和谐的课堂心理氛围，激发学生的学习动机。
2: classroom environment classroom teaching environment for students' emotions, has a great influence. One is the classroom environment should keep clean, comfortable environment, overcrowded classroom space and easy to create a depressed, irritable feeling, therefore must consider the student to classroom space and facilities for the effective use of: two teachers in the classroom, to eliminate the adverse factors and negative factors, through the teaching arrangement, and teaching language and the appropriate use of body language, to create a positive, pleasing, harmonious psychological atmosphere in the classroom, stimulate the students' learning motivation.
 　　3．课堂效果：主要是通过教师的教学内容，合理的教学设计、现代技术的教学手段和探究式教学方法在课堂教学中的实施，使学生保持高度的注意力，认真听讲和积极思考和回答问题，使学生的注意力不要偏移。
The 3 class: mainly through teaching content, reasonable teaching design, modern technology teaching means and teaching method in the classroom teaching, to enable students to maintain a high degree of attention, to listen and think carefully and answer the questions, so that students do not offset.
 　　4．教学质量：加强课堂管理其根本目的就是保证教学质量，主要是从课堂容量、教学难度的把握、课堂时间的合理分配等方面设计出最佳的教学节奏和教学结构，要在教学方法和手段上有所创新，注重课堂教学过程的有效教学，保证教学质量和学习质量，同时采用科学合理的评价体系，对影响质量的因素进行分析和纠正，从而保证整体教学质量。
4: to strengthen the management of the classroom teaching quality of the fundamental purpose is to guarantee the quality of teaching, mainly from the classroom capacity, grasp the teaching difficulty, class time reasonable allocation and design the best teaching rhythm and teaching structure teaching method and means, to innovate, pay attention to the process of classroom teaching effective teaching, guarantee the quality of teaching and the quality of learning, while the use of scientific and reasonable evaluation system, to affect the quality of the factors were analyzed and corrected, thus ensuring the overall teaching quality.
　　四、ＩＳＯ9000：2000质量管理八项原则的基本内涵
In four, ISO9000: 2000 of the eight principles of quality management basic connotation
　　随着全球竞争的不断加剧，质量管理越来越成为所有组织管理工作的重点，“为奠定ＩＳＯ9000族标准的理论基础，有效地指导组织实施管理，ＩＳＯ／ＴＣ176从1９95年开始成立了一个工作组，根据ＩＳＯ9000族标准实践经验及理论分析，吸纳了国际上最受尊敬的一批质量管理专家的意见，用了约两年的时间，整理并编撰了质量管理八项原则。”它科学总结了世界各国多年来理论研究的成果和实践的经验，体现了质量管理的基本规律，适应现代企业生产管理的一套通用的管理体系，其科学性、严谨性、实用性和标准化是其他管理方法无法比拟的。具体内容为“以顾客为关注焦点、领导作用、全员参与、过程方法、管理的系统方法、持续改进、基于事实的决策方法、与供方互利的关系”（见图1）：
With the global competition intensifies unceasingly, the quality management become more and more all the work of the organization and management of key," as ISO9000 standards laid theoretical foundation, effectively guide the organization and implementation of management, ISO / TC176 from the beginning of 1995 established a working group, according to the ISO9000 standards of practical experience and theoretical analysis, to absorb the world's most respected a lot quality management experts, for about two years, collated and compiled the eight principles of quality management." It summarizes the world over the years of theoretical research results and practical experience, reflects the quality management of the basic law, to adapt to the modern enterprise production management of a general management system, its science sex, rigorous sex, practicality and standardization of other management methods can not match. The concrete content is" customer focus, leadership, full participation, process method, system approach to management, continuous improvement, factual approach to decision making, mutually beneficial supplier relationships" ( see Figure 1 ):
　　从广义上说，教育服务的全过程就是学校按照社会的用人需求和学生的各种需求，提供各种的教学服务，把学生培养成合格人才并提供给社会用人单位。学生在人才市场中被筛选、优胜劣汰，就是用人单位对教学服务质量的评判。因此，质量管理八项原则完全可以作为建立课堂管理体系的理论基础，用以分析课堂中存在的问题和要控制的主要影响因素，及时采取预防措施，在课堂管理中具有实际的指导意义和实践意义。
Say from broad sense, education services to the entire process is the school in accordance with the requirements of the society and students' various needs, providing a variety of teaching, train the students to be the qualified personnel and provide employers in the society. Students in the talent market by screening, the survival of the fittest, is the employing units on the teaching quality evaluation. Therefore, the eight principles of quality management can be established as a classroom management system based on the theory, to analyze the problems existing in the classroom and to control the main influence factors, to take preventive measures, in the classroom management has a practical guiding significance and practical significance.