国际清洁生产发展
International development of cleaner production
面对环境污染日趋严重、资源日趋短缺的局面，工业发达国家在对其经济发展过程进行反思的基础上，认识到不改变长期沿用的大量消耗资源和能源来推动经济增长的传统模式，单靠一些补救的环境保护措施，是不能从根本上解决环境问题的。美国国会1990年10月通过了"污染预防法"，把污染预防作为美国的国家政策，取代了长期采用的末端处理的污染控制政策，要求工业企业通过源削减，包括：设备与技术改造、工艺流程改进、产品重新设计、原材料替代以及促进生产各环节的内部管理、减少污染物的排放、并在组织、技术、宏观政策和资金做了具体的安排。
Facing the increasingly serious environmental pollution, resource shortage situation, developed countries in its economic development process is based on the reflection, to realize does not change the long-term continue to use a large number of consumption of resources and energy to promote economic growth in the traditional mode, rely on some remedial measures to protect the environment, can not fundamentally solve the environmental problems the. The United States Congress in 1990 October through the" pollution prevention law", the pollution prevention as the United States national policy, instead of the terminal treatment pollution control policies, requirements of industrial enterprises through source reduction, including: equipment and technology improvement, process improvement, product design, raw material substitution and the promotion of production internal management, reduce the emission of pollutants, and in the organization, technology, macroscopical policy and funding to make specific arrangements.
　　欧洲许多国家把清洁生产作为一项基本国策。例如欧共体委员会1977年4月就制订了关于"清洁工艺"的政策。1984年、1987年又制订了欧共体促进开发"清洁生产"的两个法规，明确对清洁工艺生产工业示范工程提供财政支持。1984年有12项、1987年有24项已得到财政资助。欧共体还建立了信息情报交流网络，其成员国可由该网络得到有关环保技术及市场信息情报。
Many European countries to cleaner production as a basic state policy. For example, the European Commission in 1977 April on the development of" clean technology" policy. In 1987 1984, and developed in the community to promote the development of" clean production" two regulations, clear on the clean process for production of industrial demonstration project to provide financial support. In 1984 12, 1987 24 has received financial aid. The EC has also established the information communication network, its members from the network on environmental protection technology and market information.
　法国政府为防治或减少废物的产生制订了采用"清洁工艺"生产生态产品及回收利用和综合利用废物等一系列政策。法国环境部还设立了专门机构从事这一工作，每年给清洁生产示范工程补贴10%的投资，给科研的资助高达50%。法国从1980年起还设立了无污染工厂的奥斯卡奖金，奖励在采用无废工艺方面做出成绩的企业。法国环境部还对100多项无废工艺的技术经济情况进行了调查研究，其中无废工艺设备运行费低于原工艺设备运行费的占68%，对超过原工艺设备运行费的给予财政补贴和资助，以鼓励和支持无废工艺的发展和推行。
The French government to control or reduce waste generation developed the" clean technology" production ecological products and recycling and comprehensive utilization of waste and a series of policy. The French Ministry of the environment has also set up specialized agencies engaged in this work, each year to the cleaner production demonstration project of allowance 10% investment, to research funding is high up to 50%. France since 1980 also set up pollution-free plant Oscar prize, reward in the use of technology without waste to make achievements in business. The French Ministry of the environment in 100 a number of non waste technology economic circumstance to have investigation and study, in which no waste technology equipment operating costs are lower than the original process equipment operation costs accounted for 68% more than the original process, the operating cost of equipment given financial subsidies and grants, to encourage and support the development and implementation of technology without waste.
　在荷兰经济部和环境部的大力支持下，荷兰实行了"污染预防项目"(PRISMA)，取得了令人瞩目的结果。1988年秋，荷兰技术评价组织对荷兰公司进行了防止废物产生和排放的大规模清查研究，制订了防止废物产生和排放的政策及所采用的技术和方法(其关键内容是源削减、内部循环利用和行政管理等)。并在十个公司中进行了预防污染的实践，其实施结果已编制成《防止废物产生和排放手册》，已于1990年4月出版。十个公司预防污染的实践结果证明：
In Holland economic department and environmental department support energetically below, Holland implementation of the " pollution prevention project" ( PRISMA ), the results obtained attract people's attention. The autumn of 1988, Holland technology evaluation organizations to the Holland company for the prevention of waste generation and emission inventory of large scale, devised to prevent waste and emissions policies and adopted techniques and methods ( its key content is the source reduction, internal circulation utilization and administration ). And in the ten companies for pollution prevention practice, the results have been compiled into" prevent waste and emissions Handbook", published in April in 1990. In ten the company pollution prevention practice results show: