软件企业应用ISO9000存在的误区
Software enterprise application ISO9000 misunderstanding
        本文作者基于对ISO9000的认识和为软件企业实施ISO9000从事咨询工作的经验,分析了软件企业应用ISO9000时存在的误区,以利于企业走出误区,更好的应用ISO9000标准。
In this paper, the author based on the ISO9000 understanding and implementation of ISO9000 software enterprises engaged in consulting work experience, analysis of the software enterprise application ISO9000 when the error of existence, to facilitate the enterprise to walk out of the error, the better application of ISO9000 standard.
        1.误区之一:ISO9000不适用于软件
1 one of errors: ISO9000 does not apply to software
        我们在推广ISO9000的过程中,常听到一些软件界的人士说:"ISO9000是针对硬件产品的生产,不适合于软件"。这是一个认识上的问题,这种认识上的问题不解决,ISO9000就难以在软件企业中推广。
We in the promotion of the ISO9000 process, often hear some software sector said:" ISO9000 is for hardware products, not suitable for software". This is an understanding of the issues on this kind of understanding, the problem is not solved, the ISO9000 is hard in software enterprises promotion.
        持这种观点的人可以说是不了解ISO9000,最多也只能算是一知半解。ISO9000确实是起源于硬件,但这里需要强调指出的是ISO9000既不是某一产品的产品标准,也不是某一领域的技术标准,而是指导企业建立、实施质量体系的管理标准。它具有两种主要职能,即管理和保证职能。它的管理职能是指通过按ISO9000的要求,建立和实施一个有效的质量体系,进而提高企业的管理水平;它的保证职能是指通过一个第三方机构,证实企业所建立的质量体系,并证明企业具有提供符合要求的产品的能力,从而向顾客或用户提供可信度。ISO9000将这两种职能有机结合起来,为企业提供了一个比较科学的管理和保证机制,它是任何企业都需要的。因此,ISO9000适用于所有的工业类型的企业。
People who hold this view can be said to be don't know ISO9000, most only have a superficial knowledge of. ISO9000 is indeed originated in hardware, but here it is emphasized ISO9000 is neither a product standard, not a field of technical standards, but to guide enterprises to establish, implement the quality management system standards. It has two main functions, namely management and assurance functions. Its management function is defined by according to ISO9000 requirements, develop and implement an effective quality system, and improve the management level of enterprises; its guarantee function is defined by a third party, confirmed that the enterprises to establish the quality system, and proves that the enterprises have to provide to meet the requirements of the products, so as to customers or users with confidence. ISO9000 will be the two functions organically, to provide a more scientific management and guarantee mechanism, it is any business needs. Therefore, ISO9000 is applicable to all types of industrial enterprise.
        同时,为了更好地在各个工业领域应用ISO9000,ISO/TC176(负责起草ISO9000的标准技术委员会)将工业产品分为四类,即硬件、软件、流程性材料和服务,这四种产品类型基本上覆盖了所有的生产类型,并在给出了通用标准的基础上,针对每类产品的生产特点,分别制定了相应的补充和支持标准,ISO9000-3(ISO9001在软件开发、供应和维护中的使用指南)就是其中之一。
At the same time, in order to better applications in various industrial fields of ISO9000, ISO / TC176 ( draft ISO9000 Standards Technical Committee ) industrial products are divided into four categories, namely, hardware, software, flow of materials and services, these four types of products basically covers all the production type, and has given the general standard basis, for each category of product production characteristic, separately formulate corresponding complement and support standard, ISO9000-3 ( ISO9001 in software development, supply and maintenance of the guide ) is one of them.
         因此,ISO9000不仅从原理和方法上适用于软件领域,而且还针对软件开发特点制定了相应的补充性指南,从而为软件企业更好地应用ISO9000提供了指导。
Therefore, ISO9000 not only from the principle and method is applied to the software field, but also for the software development characteristics developed the corresponding supplementary guide for software enterprises, so as to better use the ISO9000 provides guidance.
        2.误区之二:软件企业难以实施ISO9000
2 zone two: the software enterprise to implement ISO9000
        我们在同软件界人士的交谈中,常常会有人提出这样的问题:"虽然说ISO9000的原理和方法适用于所有的工业领域,但由于软件开发的特殊性,软件企业很难实施ISO9000"。他们所说的软件开发的特殊性是指:软件开发根据项目设立,不存在完全相同的项目开发;软件项目有大有小,对于规模不同的项目如何实施ISO9000;软件开发进度难以估计,应用ISO9000会使工作量加大,从而导致进度拖延。
We in the software industry in the conversation, often somebody raises such question:" although ISO9000 principle and method is applicable to all industries, but because of the particularity of software development, software enterprise is very difficult to implement in ISO9000". They said the special software development means: software development based on project establishment, not being identical to the project development; software project has have greatly small, for the size of the different project how to carry out ISO9000; software development progress is difficult to estimate, the application of ISO9000 will make the increase in workload, which leads to the delay in the schedule.
        上述这些问题的确是软件企业实施ISO9000所遇到实际问题,但只要我们对ISO9000有了深入的了解,这些问题是不难解决的。首先ISO9000要求建立一个文件化的质量体系,这个体系要求全员参与,并明确各个岗位的职责,只能严格地按照文件规定的要求执行。对于每个软件项目的大小、规模不等这一特性,可以将软件作为一个具体的"产品"对待,至于这个产品所采用的开发过程如何,或者说采用了哪几个生存周期过程,则在体系中不作统一要求,完全可以根据该项目的大小、规模,并依据质量体系的原则要求确定。因此,"软件按项目开发及项目的大小、规模不同"完全不妨碍软件企业应用ISO9000,相反应用了ISO9000,项目管理更加科学、系统。至于说到项目的进度问题,应用ISO9000并不会造成进度拖延,相反会使项目拖延问题得到改善。这是因为造成进度拖延的主要原因是由于管理不善,没有严格地按照规定的要求去作,而应用ISO9000则能够解决管理上的漏洞,使项目拖延问题得到最大限度的改善。
The problem is indeed the implementation of ISO9000 software enterprises encountered problems, but as long as we have a deep understanding of ISO9000, these problems are easy to solve. The first ISO9000 requests to establish a documented quality system, this system requires the full participation, and make clear the job description, only strictly in accordance with the document request execution. For each software project size, ranging from the size of this characteristic, the software can be used as a specific" products" approach, the product uses the development process, or by which life cycle process, the system is not a uniform requirement, can according to the size of the item, size, and based on the principle of quality system requirements determination. Therefore," the software according to the project development and project size, different scale" completely without obstructing the software enterprise application ISO9000, instead using the ISO9000, project management more scientific, system. As for the progress of the project, the application of ISO9000 and will not cause a delay in the schedule, instead will make the project delay problems improved. This is due to the delay in the schedule is the main cause of mismanagement, not strictly in accordance with the requirements of work, and the application of ISO9000 can solve the loopholes in management, make the project delay problem to get maximum improvement.
        3.误区之三:软件企业实施ISO9000的效果不理想
3 zone three: the software enterprises to implement ISO9000 effect is not ideal
        持这种观点的人认为:软件开发是高度知识密集型的工作,是开发人员的智力创作,对开发人员的知识和技术水平要求较高。实施ISO9000能否达到预期的效果,即保证软件企业具有开发出符合要求的软件产品的能力?
Hold this view believe that: software development is a highly knowledge-intensive work, staff development is the intellectual creation, the development of knowledge and technology for the higher level. The implementation of ISO9000 can achieve the desired effect, to ensure that the software enterprises have developed to meet the requirements of the software product ability?
        这个问题的核心是标准有没有对软件开发人员的技术水平的要求。ISO9000确实没有对此提出要求,而软件开发确实与开发人员的技术水平密切相关,但这并不是质量体系所能解决的,因而并不妨碍ISO9000在软件企业的应用效果。因为只要我们将ISO9000要求同美国软件工程研究所制定的评估软件开发能力的模型(SEI CMM)对比,就会发现SEI CMM中规定的五级水平的第1级和第2级基本上都是管理上的要求,也就是说按ISO9000要求去作的软件企业能够达到SEI CMM所规定的第2级以上的水平。当然,要想达到更高级的要求,也必须满足这些基本要求,或者说ISO9000是软件企业达到高级水平所必须的。因此,我们虽然不能说应用了ISO9000的企业就具有了开发出符合要求的软件产品的能力,但却可以说软件企业要想具有开发出符合要求的软件产品,应用ISO9000则是其最佳选择。
The core of this problem is the standard for software developers have the skill level required. ISO9000 does not propose requirements, and the software development and development staff technology level is closely related to, but this is not the quality system can be resolved, and thus does not prevent the application effect of ISO9000 in software enterprises. As long as we will be with the United States ISO9000 requirements Software Engineering Institute developed for the assessment of the ability of software development model ( SEI CMM ) contrast, you will see SEI CMM specified in the five level first level and second level basically is the management requirements, that is to say according to ISO9000 requirements for software enterprises to achieve SEI CMM stated level second. Of course, want to achieve higher requirements, must also meet the basic requirements, or ISO9000 software enterprises are required to reach high levels. Therefore, although we can not say that the application of the ISO9000 business has developed to meet the requirements of the software products, but can say software enterprises want to have developed to meet the requirements of the software products, application of ISO9000 is the best choice.
        除了上述的三个误区之外,软件企业对ISO9000的误解还有许多,比如说,我接待了这样一位咨询者,他说国内某公司自国外某公司购买软件,国外这家公司竟以软件是按ISO9000标准开发的而索要高价。显然这个说法是错误的,其错误是将ISO9000误解为产品标准。像这样的例子还有很多,在此不一一列举。希望通过上述几个典型的例子帮助软件界人士正确认识ISO9000的作用。
In addition to the above three errors, software enterprise to ISO9000 misunderstanding there are many, for example, I have received such a consultant, he said in a domestic company since a foreign company to buy the software, the company was sold abroad according to the standard ISO9000 software is developed for high. Apparently this is wrong, the wrong is ISO9000 will be misinterpreted as product standard. Such examples are many, the one one lists. Hope that through the several typical examples to help the software community correct understanding of the role of ISO9000.