ISO9000质量管理体系认证在建筑装饰企业中的应用
The ISO9000 quality management system certification in construction decoration enterprise application
第一节 ISO质量管理体系进入中国
The first section of the ISO quality management system in China
　　一．   ISO 质量管理和质量保证标准的诞生和发展
A. ISO quality management and quality assurance standards for the birth and development of
　　1．ISO/TC176技术委员会简介
1.ISO / TC176 Technology Committee
　　ISO是International Organization For Standardization 的缩写，其代表的意义是：国际标准化组织。它成立于1947年，是非政府性组织，目前已有100多个成员国。ISO/TC176技术委员会是ISO下属技术委员会之一，全名为“质量管理和质量保证技术委员会 ”，秘书国为加拿大。
ISO International Organization For Standardization abbreviation, its meaning is: International Organization for standardization. It was founded in 1947, is a non-governmental organization, currently has more than 100 members. ISO / TC176 Technology Committee is ISO's technical committee, called the" quality management and quality assurance technical committee", Secretary of state for canada.
　　ISO/TC176技术委员会是ISO为了适应国际贸易往来中民用品订货采用质量保证作法的需要，于1979年在ISO原认证委员会第二工作组（ISO/CERTCO/WG2）的基础上建立的。该委员会有英、美、法、加拿大、西德、南非、瑞士、挪威、日本、中国等50多个国家，作为“P”成员国（正式成员国）参加工作和活动；有“O”成员国（观察成员国）16个，并且不断地发展增加。目前下设有三个分技术委员会和12个工作组。
ISO / TC176 Technical Committee is ISO in order to adapt to the international trade in goods order by quality assurance practice needs, in 1979 in the original ISO Certification Committee Working Group second ( ISO / CERTCO / WG2 ) is established on the basis of. The Committee has the United Kingdom and the United States, Canada, Germany, South Africa, Norway, Switzerland, Japan, China, and more than 50 countries, as" P" member ( member ) to participate in the work and activities; "O" members ( observed members) 16, and constantly increase. Currently has three technical committees and 12 working group.
　　SC1分技术委员会负责制订术语标准，法国为秘书国；SC2分技术委员会负责制订“质量体系标准”，下设有两个工作组，分别负责质量管理和质量保证标准，美国和英国分别为两个工作组的秘书国。SC3分技术委员会负责质量技术标准的制订。
SC1 sub-technical committee responsible for the development of terminology standards, France as secretary of state; SC2 Technology Committee, responsible for the development of" quality system standard", has two working groups, which are responsible for quality management and quality assurance standards, the United States and Britain respectively for the two working group of the Secretary of state. SC3 Technology Committee, responsible for quality and technology standards.
　　2．ISO质量管理和质量保证标准的诞生和发展
The 2.ISO quality management and quality assurance standards for the birth and development of
　　1）质量术语标准--ISO8402标准的演变
1) quality standard -- ISO8402 standard evolution
　　ISO/TC176的SCI分技术委员会，自1981年10月开始，在总结和参照世界有关国家标准和实践经验的基础上，通过广泛协商，于1986年6月15日正式发布ISO8402-1986《质量--术语》标准。该标准包括22个术语。随着世界各国质量管理的发展，在实践中出现了新的问题，对质量术语也提出了更高的要求。为此，SCI分技术委员会于1994年经委员会审查通过，发布ISO8402-1994《质量管理和质量保证-术语》标准。该标准共包括四部份术语，其中基本术语13个，与质量有关的术语19个，与质量体系有关的术语16个，与工具和技术有关的术语19个，共计67个术语。
ISO / TC176 SCI sub-technical committee, since 1981 October, in the summary and the reference to the world the relevant national standards and on the basis of practical experience, through extensive consultations, released in June 15, 1986 -- the term" ISO8402-1986" quality standard. The standard includes 22 terms. Along with the worldwide development of quality management, in practice, the emergence of new problems, the quality is also put forward higher requirements. Therefore, the SCI Technical Committee in 1994 by the Committee of the ISO8402-1994, released" quality management and quality assurance - the term" standard. The standard consists of four parts including terminology, basic terms in 13, and quality related terms 19, and quality system related terms 16, with tools and technology related terms 19, a total of 67 terms.
　　2）ISO9000质量管理和质量保证标准的诞生和发展
2) ISO9000 quality management and quality assurance standards for the birth and development of
　　ISO/TC176的SC2分技术委员会经过努力工作，于1987年发布了ISO9000质量管理和质量保证系列标准。该系列标准是质量管理和质量保证标准中的主体标准，共包括“标准选用、质量保证和质量管理”三类五项标准。该五项标准的诞生是世界范围质量管理和质量保证工作的一个新纪元，对推动世界各国工业企业的质量管理和供需双方的质量保证，促进国际贸易交往起到了很好的作用。
ISO / TC176 SC2 sub-technical committee through hard work, was released in 1987 of ISO9000 quality management and quality assurance standards. The series was a standard quality management and quality assurance standards the main standards, including" the standards selection, quality assurance and quality management of" three kinds of five standards. The five criteria is the birth of the world quality management and quality assurance of a new era, to push the world industrial enterprise quality management and quality assurance of both sides of supply and demand, stimulative international trade played a very good role.
　　近几年来，随着国际贸易发展的需要和标准实施中出现的问题，于1994年对系列标准进行了全面修订，并于当年7月1日正式发布实施。随后，标准制订工作进展较快，ISO9000标准发展成ISO9000-1、ISO9000-2、ISO9000-3和ISO9000-4；ISO9004发展成ISO9004-1、ISO9004-2、ISO9004-3和ISO9004-4等项标准。2000年ISO/TC176委员会颁布了ISO9000最新标准，一般称为ISO9000:2000版，现已经在全世界开始推行。我国依据ISO9000国际标准，制定了GB/T19000标准，GB/T19000标准与ISO9000国际标准完全相同。
In recent years, with the development of international trade and standard implementation problems, in 1994 on the series of standards for a comprehensive revision, and in July 1st of that year issued a formal implementation. Subsequently, standard-setting work progress is rapidder, ISO9000, ISO9000-2, ISO9000-3 development ISO9000-1 and ISO9000-4; ISO9004, ISO9004-2, ISO9004-3 development ISO9004-1 and ISO9004-4 standards. In 2000 ISO / TC176 Committee issued the latest ISO9000 standard, commonly known as the ISO9000 : 2000 edition, now already all over the world begins to carry out. Our country on the basis of ISO9000 international standard, developed by GB / T19000, GB / T19000 standards and ISO9000 international standards identical.
　　二．   我国质量管理和质量保证标准的演变
Two. Our quality management and quality assurance standards evolution
　　1．我国质量管理和质量保证标准的演变
The 1 China quality management and quality assurance standards evolution
　　原国家标准管理部门为了加快推进我国质量管理的步伐，适应企业加强质量管理提高产品质量的要求，于1988年组织人员等效采用ISO9000系列标准。经批准后于当年12月10日发布国标GB/T 10300质量管理和质量保证系列标准，并于1989年组织116个企业试点贯彻实施。
The original national standard management department in order to accelerate the pace of quality management in China, adapt enterprises to strengthen quality management to improve product quality requirements, in 1988 organized by ISO9000 series standard equivalent. After being approved in December 10th of that year released the national standard GB / T 10300 quality management and quality assurance standards, and in 1989 116 a pilot implementation of enterprise organization.
　　为了使我国质量管理和质量保证工作更好地与国际接轨，经国家标准化管理部门研究，决定将等效采用ISO9000系列标准改为等同采用，由全国质量管理和质量保证标准技术委员会（CSBTS/TC151）提出，经国家标准化部门批准，于1992年10月13日发布了国标GB/T 19000-1992-ISO9000：1987质量管理和质量保证系列标准。
In order to make our quality management and quality assurance work better with international practice, by the national standardization management research, decided to use the equivalent ISO9000 series standard is changed into equivalent, by the national quality management and quality assurance standards technical committee ( CSBTS / TC151 ) is presented, by the national standardization approval, was released in October 13, 1992 the national standard GB / T 19000-1992-ISO9000: 1987 quality management and quality assurance standards.
　　1994年国家标准化管理部门组织人员根据ISO9000：1994版标准对国标92版标准进行修订，经批准于1994年12月24日发布了GB/T 19000-1994idtISO9000：1994质量管理和质量保证标准，并于1995年6月30日实施。现在最新执行的是ISO9000：2000版标准。
In 1994, the national standardization management organizations according to the ISO9000: 1994 version of the standard of GB 92 edition standard is revised, approved in December 24, 1994 released the GB / T 19000-1994idtISO9000: 1994 quality management and quality assurance standards, and in June 30, 1995 the implementation of. Now the implementation of the new standard is ISO9000: 2000 edition.
　　2．我国质量管理和质量保证技术性标准的情况
The 2 China quality management and quality assurance technical standard situation
　　我国对ISO10000质量管理和质量保证技术性标准也采用等同的方法来制订成国标，从1993年开始先后制订和发布了GB/T19021.1，GB/T19021.2，GB/T19021.3与质量体系审核有关的标准，以及计量检测设备的质量保证要求、质量手册编制指南、全面质量管理经济效果指南等标准。我国质量管理和质量保证标准，都是等同采用ISO相应标准的。
China's ISO10000 quality management and quality assurance technology standards are using the same approach to the formulation of Cheng Guobiao, from the beginning of 1993 has developed and released GB / T19021.1, GB / T19021.2, GB / T19021.3 and quality system audit related standards, as well as the measuring equipment quality assurance requirements, guidelines for preparing quality manuals, comprehensive quality management guide to standard economic effect. China quality management and quality assurance standards, is equal to the corresponding standards of ISO.
　　第二节 装饰企业引入ISO质量管理体系
The second festival decoration enterprises introducing ISO quality management system
　　一.    装饰行业的现状
A decorative industry status.
　　改革开放以来，随着国民经济的高速发展，城市建设和建筑市场飞速发展，装饰业经历了从无到有、从小到大、从弱到强的全方位发展，目前已发展成建筑行业的支柱产业之一。
Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of national economy, city building and construction market grows at full speed, decoration industry has experienced from scratch, from small to large, from weak to strong all-round development, has now developed into one of the pillar industries of construction industry.
　　1、宏观经济环境
In 1, the macro economic environment
　　目前，我国经济社会发展环境总体上趋好，国家突出抓好国有企业改革、经济结构调整、科技进步和扩大内需，防范通货紧缩。中国加入WTO后，对外开放有新的发展，中国的整体投资环境将进一步得到改善。但是，我国经济仍将面临有效需求不足的矛盾，固定资产投资重点仍放在基础设施建设，基本建设投资仍可能减缓。在这种宏观经济环境中，公共建筑装饰投资需求不足，其中，新建部分的市场份额有较大缩小，改造部分的高层份额有较大扩大；而家庭装饰消费需求却持续高涨。
At present, China's economic and social development environment is overall up-and-up, countries give prominence to the state-owned enterprise reform, the adjustment of economic structure, the progress of science and technology and the expansion of domestic demand, to prevent deflation. After China joins WTO, open to the outside world has new development, China 's overall investment environment will be further improved. But, our country economy will still face the contradiction of insufficient effective demand, investment in fixed assets continue to focus on infrastructure construction, infrastructure investment is still likely to slow down. In this macro economic environment, public building decoration investment demand is insufficient, which, the new part of the market share has relatively narrow, transformation part of the top share larger expanded; and home decoration consumption demand is rising.
　　2、WTO的影响
2, the influence of WTO
　　我国现代建筑装饰行业从改革开放一起步即自发地进入市场经济，是我国市场化最早、程度最高的产业之一。因此，中国加入WTO，对于装饰行业而言，所受冲击均相对较小，是一个利好态势，机遇大于挑战。
China's modern construction industry since the reform and open a start that spontaneously into the market economy, China's market is the earliest one of the industry, the highest degree. Therefore, China's accession to the WTO, for the decoration industry, the impact is relatively small, is a good situation, opportunity and challenge.
　　就我国建筑装饰行业的设计、施工、材料、管理四个方面所受WTO相对影响而言，由重至轻依次为管理、材料、设计、施工。装饰行业管理，主要是按GATS国际惯例立法，集中在市场准入条件的改善上，其中政府转移职能使社团成为行业管理主体是关键；装饰材料，三星级以上水准的中高档饰材现仍主要依靠进口；装饰设计，普遍缺乏创意，尚处幼稚阶段，特别在高档、合资工程中，欧美设计公司占主导，我国装饰设计很难涉足；装饰施工因我国的低成本，仍能占据大部市场份额
China building decoration design, construction, material, management of four aspects of the WTO relative influence from heavy to light, turn management, materials, design, construction. Decoration industry management, mainly by the GATS international legislation, focus on market access conditions improve, which functions transferred by the government to enable an organization to become industry management main body is the key; decorative materials, more than three stars level in high-grade decorative material is still mainly rely on imports; design and decoration, the general lack of creativity, is still at the immature stage, especially in the high-end, the joint venture project, design companies in Europe and America dominated, China decoration design very difficult sortie; decoration construction for China's low cost, still can occupy large market share
　　3、行业发展
In 3, industry development
　　一直以来，我国建筑装饰行业的发展就以两位数的速度迅猛增长，以1999年为例，全国建筑装饰工程产值为2400亿元。我国装饰企业和从业人员经过改革开放二十多年的艰苦创业和不懈努力，装饰工程市场占有率有了根本性的变化。公共建筑装饰与家庭装饰的市场份额。前者占95％，后者占100％；公共建筑装饰设计与施工，前者占85％，后者占95％，外商所占15％的装饰设计和5％的装饰施工，主为大型、高档，特别是外资、合资装饰工程。装饰企业与建筑设计院及院校所占的公共建筑装饰市场份额，前者为80％，后者为20％。
All the time since, industry of adornment of our country building development with two digit speed swift and violent growth, with was 1999 exemple, the output value of 240000000000 yuan building decoration engineering. China's decorative enterprises and practitioners through reforming and opening of more than 20 years of carve and unremitting efforts, the decoration project market share has had the fundamental change. Public building decoration and home decoration market share. The former accounted for 95%, which accounted for 100%; public building decoration design and construction, the former accounted for 85%, which accounted for 95%, by the foreign accounts for 15% of the decoration design and decoration construction for the main 5%, large, high-grade, especially foreign capital, joint venture decoration engineering. Enterprise decoration and Architectural Design Institute and College of public building decoration market share, 80% in the former, the latter is 20%.
　　4、企业数量及其资质
In 4, the number of enterprises and its qualification
　　我国现有在工商登记注册的建筑装饰企业35万家，从事公共建筑装饰的企业占20％、7万家，从事家庭装饰的企业占80％，28万家，现有在工商注册的专业建筑装饰设计单位2000多家。
Our country existing in industrial and commercial registration architectural enterprises 35, engaged in public building decoration enterprises accounted for 20%, 7, in the family decoration enterprises accounted for 80%, 28, existing in the trade and Industry registered professional architectural decoration design more than 2000 units.
　　我国有装饰工程施工资质等级的企业占全国35万家的装饰施工企业的7％，2.5万家；有装饰工程设计资质等级的单位占全国2000多家装饰设计单位的45％，900多家。其中，一级装饰工程施工企业284家，一级幕墙工程施工企业65家，甲级装饰工程设计单位184家；同时具有一级装饰施工和甲级装饰设计“双资质”的企业118家，同时具有一级幕墙施工和甲级装饰设计“双资质”的企业7家。我国现有中外合资合作建筑业企业1388家，其中，装饰企业占80％，1100多家，且多来自香港；建设部发证的49家境建筑业企业占32％，15家；建设部审批的87家一级资质中外合作建筑业企业，其中，装饰企业占72％家、63家，包括一级装饰施工企业57家，一级幕墙施工企业6家，且大多数均盈利。我国95％以上装饰企业的所有制为非国有经济，其中，60多家一级装饰幕墙施工企业为民营。一级装饰工程施工企业占74％的136家、一级幕墙工程施工企业中占62％的40家为股份制有限或有限责任公司。
China Construction decoration engineering qualification level enterprises accounted for 35 of 10000 decorative construction enterprises 7%, 2.5; decorative engineering design qualification units accounted for more than 2000 national decorative design units of 45%, more than 900. Among them, the level of decoration engineering construction enterprises 284, a curtain wall engineering construction enterprises 65, class a decorative engineering design unit 184; at the same time having a decorative construction and class a decorative design" double quality" enterprise 118, at the same time with a curtain wall construction and class a decorative design" double quality" business 7 home. Our country existing Sino-foreign cooperative construction enterprises 1388, wherein, decoration enterprises accounted for 80%, 1100, and came from Hongkong; the Ministry of Construction issued 49 family enterprises in the construction industry accounted for 32%, 15; the Ministry of Construction approved 87 class a Chinese-foreign cooperative enterprises in the construction industry, of which, decoration enterprises accounted for 72% home, 63 home, including a decorative construction enterprises 57, a curtain wall construction enterprises 6, and most are profit. More than 95% of our decoration enterprise ownership for the non state-owned economy, among them, 60 more than a decorative curtain wall construction enterprise for private. The level of decoration works of construction enterprises accounted for 74% of the 136, a curtain wall construction enterprises accounted for 62% of the 40 for the joint-stock limited or limited liability company.
　　5、法制建设
5, legal construction
　　在装饰行业高速发展的过程中，国家及各地方主管部门也不断加强建筑装饰行业的法制建设，规范建筑装饰行业的运作模式。其重点放在以下几个方面：整顿规范市场、统一归口管理、市场主体行为管理、工程质量安全管理、建筑幕墙管理、家庭装饰管理。
Decoration industry in the process of rapid development, the national and the local authorities continue to strengthen the building decoration industry's legal system, standardize building decoration industry operation pattern. With its focus on the following aspects: rectifying and standardizing the market, unified management, behavior of market main body management, project quality management, safety management of building curtain wall, home decoration management.
　　二．装饰企业的ISO9000质量体系认证
Two. Decoration enterprise ISO9000 quality system certification
　　1、装饰企业的认证情况
1, decoration enterprise certification
　　1996年我国建筑装饰行业开始推行ISO9000国际质量体系认证，至1999年，我国有17个省市区共57家建筑装饰企业获得ISO9000国际质量体系认证；至2002年6月，全国现有26个省市区共通过认证的有221家。其中，通过ISO9001的184家；通过ISO9002的32家；通过ISO9000、ISO14001和OHSAS18001三项认证的2家；ISO9000 和ISO14001二项认证的3家；通过ISO9001和ISO9002二项认证的1家。通过认证最多的前三个地区是：广东70家（其中深圳57家）、北京27家、江苏24家。
In 1996 China building decoration industry began to implement ISO9000 international quality system certification, to 1999, our country 17 provinces urban district 57 building decoration enterprises to obtain ISO9000 international quality system certification; in 2002 to June, the 26 existing provinces were certified by 221. Among them, through the ISO9001 184; ISO9002 32; ISO9000, ISO14001 and OHSAS18001 by three certified 2; ISO9000 and ISO14001 two certified 3; through the ISO9001 and ISO9002 two certified 1. Through the certification of the top three areas of Guangdong is: 70 (Shenzhen 57 ), Beijing 27, Jiangsu 24.
　　2、认证之动力与原因的剖析
In 2, the certification of the motive and reason analysis
　　由前面的数据我们可以十分清楚的看到，这几年ISO9000国际质量体系认证好象一个潮流席卷了整个建筑装饰行业。以深圳为例，几乎所有的一级企业都通过了ISO9000认证，认证快成为一级企业的另一个基本条件了。而且还有越来越多的企业正在进行或准备进行认证。是什么原因促使建筑装饰企业有如此大的动力投入到这项人力、物力、财力、时间耗费量都不小的工作中去的呢？笔者粗粗整理出以下原因：
From the front of the data we can very clearly see, in recent years the ISO9000 international quality system certification as a tide sweeps across the whole building decoration industry. Taking Shenzhen as an example, almost all of the level of enterprises have adopted the ISO9000 certification, certification quickly became an enterprise to another underlying condition. And there are more and more enterprises are ongoing or preparing for certification. What prompted the construction decoration enterprise has so much power into the human, material resources, financial resources, time consumption is not little work go? The rough sorted out the following reasons:
　　1）市场的要求
1) the requirement of the market
　　众所周知，建筑装饰行业是一个近年来从无到有发展起来的行业，而它的大背景则是我国的经济由计划经济向市场经济转型的过程。因此，其发展初期的混乱是客观存在的，但随着市场的规范，当初随便组织一帮农民就可以承包一个上千万工程的时代一去不复返了，现在没有完善的资质和管理体系就根本无法在市场中立足。
As everyone knows, building decoration industry is an industry from do not have have developed in recent years, and its background is the economy of our country by planned economy to market economy transition process. Therefore, the early development of the disorder is objective existence, but as the market standard, initially at organization to help farmers can contract a million project era gone for ever, now there is no perfect qualification and management system cannot survive in the market.
　　2）管理的制度化
2) management system
　　与建筑装饰行业的发展同步，国家及各地方政府、建设部及各级建筑行政主管部门也在进行建筑装饰行业的法制建设，逐步完善建筑装饰行业的法制框架。一系列法律、法规的制定出台及落实执行，都推动着装饰企业内部的规范发展。
And building decoration industry of synchronous development, state and local government, the Ministry of construction and construction administrative departments at all levels in the decoration of the building industry's legal system construction, and gradually improve the legal framework for building decoration industry. A series of laws, regulations promulgated and implemented, promote decoration the norms of the enterprise development.
　　3）与国际接轨
3) and international to conform
　　中国加入    WTO，让许多装饰企业对未来产生了危机感。一方面，国外企业先进的技术和管理制度让它们感到了生存的压力；另一方面，在开放的制度下，也让国内企业有了更多的交流、学习的机会，去提高自己，迎接挑战。在国际贸易中，企业之间已开始“强制性”地采用ISO9000系列标准，认证就可以看作是迎接挑战的一项准备工作。
China's accession to the WTO, let a lot of decoration enterprises in the future have a sense of crisis. On one hand, foreign companies advanced technology and management system to let them feel the pressure of survival; on the other hand, in the open system, also let domestic enterprises have more exchanges, learning opportunities, to improve themselves, to meet the challenges. In international trade, enterprises have begun to" mandatory" uses ISO9000 series of standards, certification can be seen as a preparation to meet the challenge.
　　4）竞争对手的压力
4) competition
　　行业的发展壮大不只意味着自身的发展壮大，也意味着竞争对手的增多和强大。一方面竞争越来越激烈，竞争手段层出不穷、花样翻新；另一方面竞争也从无序竞争发展为有序竞争，越来越多的公司认识到企业要生存发展，不能仅仅靠关系，首要任务是将工程做好。这样，作为保证手段的管理制度的革新就摆上了议事日程。
The development of the industry expands not only means its own development and growth, also means increased competition and strong. A competition more and more intense, competition means emerge in an endless stream, retrofit; on the other hand also competition from disorderly competition for the development of orderly competition, more and more companies recognize to the survival and development of enterprises, can not simply rely on relations, main task will be to work well. So, as a means to guarantee management system reform is put on schedule.
　　5）企业发展战略的要求
5) the requirements of enterprise development strategy
　　全球化竞争要求企业必须建立现代企业制度，于是许多企业都在动脑筋，想通过ISO质量体系的认证协助自己建立（起码部分建立）起先进的管理制度，让本企业的运作上一个新的台阶。
Global competition requires enterprises to establish a modern enterprise system, so many companies are in their brains, think through the ISO quality system certification to help establish their own ( at least in part, to establish ) has advanced management system, make the enterprise operation the last new step.
　　3．认证的程序和内容
3 certification program and content
　　因篇幅缘故，以下以本人亲身经历，简要介绍ISO9001认证的主要程序和内容：
Because of space reasons, to my personal experience, a brief introduction to the ISO9001 certification procedures and contents:
　　1）主要
1) the main