印刷企业如何保证ISO9000认证体系的有效运行
Printing enterprises how to ensure the effective operation of the ISO9000 certification system
影响企业质量管理体系有效性的主要因素
Influence of enterprise quality management system effectiveness factors
      随着经济全球化进程的加快， 进行I S O 9000质量管理体系认证已成为提高印刷企业竞争力的有效手段，但有些印刷企业在认证后不能有效巩固成果，并进一步提高企业的管理水平。影响印刷企业质量管理体系有效性的主要因素有以下几个方面。
With the accelerated process of economic globalization, the I S O 9000 quality management system certification has become to improve printing enterprise competitiveness, but some printing enterprises in the certification does not effectively consolidate achievement, and further improve the management level of enterprises. Effects of printing enterprise quality management system effectiveness are the main factor for the following several aspects.
       企业最高领导层对认证的思想认识，是最关键的因素和先决条件，他对质量工作的态度、作为和知识水平，影响着质量管理实践的成败，将对质量管理体系的有效运行产生最直接的、决定性的影响。I S O 9000标准的一个重要思想就是眼睛向上（针对管理者，而不是眼睛向下），要求最高管理层的积极参与和实践，而我们一些企业的最高管理者却“充分授权”，委托别人代管，使之对质量管理工作的关注和参与程度严重不足。
Enterprise top leadership on the certification of the ideological understanding, is the most critical factor and prerequisites, he to the quality of work attitude, as knowledge level, affect the success or failure of the practice of quality management, for the effective operation of quality management system to produce the most direct, decisive effect. I S O 9000 standards are an important thought is the eye upward ( for managers, instead of eyes down ), top management's active participation and practice, and some of our company 's top management is fully authorized "", others commissioned escrow, on the quality of management attention and participation serious shortage.
      质量管理与企业缺乏系统性融合。一是ISO9000标准中许多管理意识没有与T Q M结合，渗透到企业各个角落，即没有从质量保证向质量管理延伸；二是未能结合企业的实际和自身的特色形成持续提高产品实物质量的机制，形式上虽与标准对应，而实际却割裂了业务流程，导致控制目标不明确，质量点失控。
Quality management and lack of enterprise system integration. A ISO9000 standard in many management consciousness without and with T Q M binding, penetrate into every corner of the enterprise, from quality assurance to quality management extension; two is to join a company is actual and own characteristic form continuously improve product objective quality mechanism, although the form and the standard counterparts, but actually separates the business process, causes the control target is not clear, quality control.
      ISO9000质量管理体系程序的合理性及实施状态。一些企业的质量手册，从内容到形式，千篇一律，显然是为了紧靠标准而刻板地照搬已有版本的结果，而且很容易将I S O 9000的要素及其衍生的程序文件和作业指导书机械化。管理的中心无形中转向了检查质量记录，分析统计图表，在体系质量监督审核的有形无形笼罩下，为获取统计数据和质量记录，在企业范围内形成压抑感和弄虚作假，一些职工将注意力集中在捏造数据、记录上，而非努力地去更好工作。企业的管理基础差。从我国企业管理现状看，管理松懈、纪律松弛，有法不依、有令不行的现象普遍存在。从质量管理的角度看主要表现在：缺乏专业的质量管理队伍；缺乏对质量管理培训教育的正确认识和经费投入，导致企业观念陈旧，人员素质下降；不少企业尚未建立科学的和以顾客为中心的质量改进和创新机制；不少企业尚未建立顾客决定质量管理的理念和以市场为导向的质量管理战略。
The ISO9000 quality management system procedure rationality and implementation status. Some of the quality manual, from content to form, follow the same pattern, is to close to the standard stereotype of copying the existing versions of the results, and it is easy to I S elements of O 9000 and its derivative procedure documents and work instructions mechanization. Management of the center to check the quality of invisible records, statistical charts, in the system of quality supervision and audit of tangible shadow, in order to obtain the statistics and records, in the enterprise formed within the depression and the resort to deceit, some workers will concentrate on the fabrication of data, records, rather than trying to work better. The enterprise management based on. From our country current situation of business management, management is lax, discipline, law, so the phenomenon universal existence. From the view of quality management mainly displays in: lack of professional quality management team; the lack of quality management training and education of the correct recognition and funding, causes the enterprise idea stale, personnel quality decline; many enterprises have not yet established a scientific and customer-centered quality improvement and innovation mechanism; many enterprises have not yet established a customer decision quality management concept and market oriented quality management strategy.
       贯标认证的培训不到位，有死角，有误导。如单纯为证书而认证， 反映企业对I S O 9000标准的一知半解和不善于结合自身实际有效地开展工作，如果建立文件化体系不是为了执行和实施，而是作为形式上的道具，将从根本上影响ISO9000质量管理体系的有效性。
Certification of training is not in place, there are corners, there are misleading. As simple as the certificate and certification, reflect the business to I S O 9000 standards have a superficial knowledge of and not good at combining with their practical work effectively, if the file system is not to enforce and implement, but as a form of props, will fundamentally affect the ISO9000 the effectiveness of the quality management system.
       认证市场的不规范。认证咨询机构作为有明确法律地位的第三方实体，是为社会提供服务的市场中介组织。它在提供服务的同时获得收益而生存和发展也是一种国际惯例。在一些发达国家，由于有完善的市场治衡机制，中介机构的独立性、公正性、权威性并没有因自身创收而受到影响。处于经济转型期的中国市场环境，并不完全具备这种机制，导致目前认证机构的商业化行为严重而缺少制约。一些认证机构采取不正当手段抢占市场，扰乱认证秩序，使本身严谨的认证工作流于形式。结果导致了低水平的审核、认证咨询“一条龙”以及随意的发证和收费等现象，这是影响有效性的致命问题，必须坚决杜绝。另外，认证机构的监督检查（军品半年一次，民品一年一次）的方法是每次抽查几个要素，对审核的不符合项，一事一议，不能系统反映问题，一些企业当然就事论事，缺乏系统性的整改。因此，质量管理体系的有效运行依赖外部的推动力是非常有限的。
The non-canonical certification market. Certification advisory bodies as there is a clear legal status of the third party entity, is to provide social services to the market intermediary organization. It provides services for both the earnings on the survival and development is an international practice. In some developed countries, because of the perfect market governance balance mechanism, intermediary's independence, impartiality, authority and not be affected by its own income. In the economic transition period of China's market environment, does not contain such a mechanism, to present the commercialization of the certification body that is missing the behavior. Some certification agencies take improper means to seize the market, disturb the order of its certification, strict certification workflow in the form. The results led to low levels of auditing, certification consulting" one-stop" and licensing and fees phenomenon, which is affecting the validity of the fatal problem, must be resolutely put an end to. In addition, the supervision and inspection accreditation bodies ( military first half of the year, civilian once a year) is the method of each sampling several elements, on the audit nonconformities, thing, cannot reflect the problems of some enterprises system, of course, take the matter on its merits, the lack of systematic reform. Therefore, the effective operation of quality management system on external impetus is very limited.
       某些新闻媒体对认证的夸大和误解，什么证书是国际贸易和市场的通行证，通过认证可使企业质量管理达到国际水平云云，导致相当部分经济主体盛行短期行为和追逐短期利益。表现在企业经营管理上是急功近利，对质量经营发展和战略缺乏长远规划。在质量认证上表现为不重视基础工作，形式主义十分严重，认证后对如何建立结合自己管理实践和适合本企业产品特点的持续有效的ISO9000质量管理体系，大多数企业根本没有打算和计划。
Some of the news media on the certification of the exaggerated and misunderstanding, what certificate is international trade and market permits, certificates will enable the enterprise quality management reached the international level and so on, resulted in a considerable part of economic main body in the short-term behavior and the pursuit of short-term interests. Performance management in the enterprise is eager for quick success, on quality management and development and the absence of long-term planning strategy. The quality certification symptoms do not attach importance to the basic work, formalism is very serious, certified on how to establish their own management practice and suitable for the enterprise product characteristics of the continuous and effective ISO9000 quality management system, most enterprises have no intentions and plans.