检验认证行业市场主体应独立，监管主体归一
Test and certification industry market main body should be independent, supervision of the main one
检验认证活动起源于产品信息不对称的经济现实，是为了使商品贸易顺利进行下去而提供信息的活动，本质上是对不完善市场（信息不对称）的一种弥补。随着经济社会活动的规模化和复杂化发展，制造业产业链条出现了进一步的分化，检验认证活动一方面从生产制造环节被分离出来，作为更加专业化的检验认证行业，成为生产性服务业中的一员；另一方面也日益走向独立化，第三方检验认证活动超过第一方和第二方检验认证活动而成为检验认证活动的主体（第一方检验是企业为了提高自身的管理水平和产品质量主动进行的自我评价活动；第二方检验是产品的购买方自行或委托第三方进行的评价活动）。在此基础上，对检验认证行业的监管也应运而生。
Inspection certification activities originated from asymmetric information economic reality, in order to make the merchandise trade going on smoothly and provide information on the activity, is essential to ( not perfect market information asymmetry ) a remedy. With the economic and social activities of the scale and complexity of manufacturing industry industry chain, there was a further differentiation, certification and inspection activities on the one hand from the manufacturing segment is separated, as more professional certification and inspection industry, become the producer service industry in one; on the other hand also increasingly toward independence, third party inspection certification activities over the first party and the second party inspection certification activities and inspection certification to become the main activities of the ( first party inspection is the enterprise in order to improve their management level and product quality actively carry out self evaluation activities; second party inspection is the product of the purchaser by themselves or entrust third party evaluation activities ). On the basis of this, the test and certification industry regulation also emerge as the times require.
　　 随着政府机构的改革，中国检验认证行业的管理体制不断调整
Along with the reform of governmental orgnaization, China Certification & inspection management system of the industry and constantly adjust
　　 改革开放前，我国已经建有进出口商品检验系统、动植物检疫系统、卫生检疫系统，以及其他一些专业的检验系统和检验机构，如船舶检验、航空器检验、锅炉压力容器检验、计量器具检验、药品检验等，但并没有全面的质量监督检验网络。
Before the reform and opening up, China has built the import and export commodity inspection system, animal and plant quarantine system, the health and quarantine system, as well as a number of other professional inspection system and mechanism, such as ships, aircraft testing, boiler and pressure vessel inspection, measuring instruments test, drug testing, but not comprehensive quality supervision network.
　　 改革开放以后，一方面，随着产品供求关系的变化，对产品质量的监督检查开始受到政府的高度关注；另一方面，随着国际贸易的迅速发展，由于我国没有建立符合国际惯例的商品检验认证制度，国内的一些产品质量监督形式得不到国际的承认，在国际贸易中蒙受经济损失和受到技术壁垒的限制。在这样的内外部环境下，中国的检验认证机构在政府的主导下开始了快速发展，相关的法律规范体系也从无到有建立起来，与此同时，管理体制也随着政府机构的改革而不断调整。
After the reform and opening up, on one hand, as the product of the change of supply demand relations, product quality supervision and inspection by the beginning of the government 's attention; the other hand, with the rapid development of international trade, because our country did not build in line with international practices of commodity inspection certification system, some of the domestic product quality supervision and form can not international admit, in international trade to suffer economic losses and subject to technical barriers. In this environment, China 's inspection and certification institutions under the guidance of the government began rapid development, related law system has become established, at the same time, the management system with the reorganization of the government institutions, and constantly adjust.
　　 检验认证机构的发展
Test and certification institutions development
　　 我国改革开放以后出现的检验认证机构大致是沿两条轨迹发展起来的。
After China's reform and opening up the inspection certification bodies is roughly along the two track.
　　 一是产生于计划经济体制之内的国有机构。改革开放初期，按照条块分割的政府部门职能，计划经济体制之内的国有机构基本上是在互相分割的体系内建立起来的。国有质量检验机构包括一大批国家产品质检中心、地方产品质量监督检验所和行业质检中心；国有进出口商品检验机构主要包括中国检验认证集团（即CCIC，由原中国进出口商品检验总公司改制而来）和出入境检验检疫系统实验室；国有认证机构分属于多个行业部委，后来5个部委的认证机构统一合并为中国质量认证中心（CQC)。2007年，原CCIC与CQC合并重组为现在的中国检验认证集团。
One is in the planned economy system in state institutions. Initial stage of reforming and opening, in accordance with the compartmentalization of the functions of government departments, planned economy system in state-owned agency basically is in mutual intersected system set up. State quality inspection mechanism comprises a large number of national product quality inspection center, place of product quality supervision and inspection and Industry Quality Center; state-owned import and export commodity inspection institutions including China Certification & inspection group (CCIC, by the China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Corporation restructuring comes ) and the entry-exit inspection and Quarantine System Lab; national certification body belong to more than one industry ministries, later 5 ministries certification body consolidated as the China Quality Certification Center ( CQC ). In 2007, the original CCIC and CQC amalgamated into the present China Certification & inspection.
　　 二是民营和外资检验机构的发展，随着市场准入政策的放开，21世纪以来这些机构的发展速度甚至超过了国有机构。民营和外资机构没有国有机构的主管部门和条块分割的限制，在民营和外资机构的影响和国有机构市场化改革的推动下，随着并购活动和大型机构业务的扩展，检验、测试和认证机构的业务出现了融合，一些有实力的企业同时从事三大业务，并在业务之间紧密的产业链联系基础之上建立起自己的竞争优势。
Two are private and foreign inspection agencies, along with the market access opening up policy, since twenty-first Century the development of these institutions and even faster than the state-owned institutions. Private and foreign institutions have state-owned institutions and departments in charge of compartmentalization restrictions, in private and foreign institutions and state agencies to commercialize reform drive below, with M & A activity and large institutions to expand the business, inspection, testing and certification body business appeared to fusion, a number of powerful enterprises at the same time in three business in business, and closer linkages foundation to establish its own competitive advantage.
　　 认可制度的建立和发展
Accreditation system in the establishment and development of
　　 认可制度起源于工业发达国家，我国在20世纪90年代将其引入，开始建立我国的认可制度。建立之初的认可机构分散在各个相关的政府部门，由于没有统一的规划和管理，处于管理上条块分割、形式上照搬的盲目模仿状态。
Recognition system originated in the developed countries, our country in nineteen ninties in its introduction, begin to build our recognition system. The beginning of the establishment of the AIs are scattered throughout the relevant government departments, due to the lack of unified planning and management, in management of compartmentalization, the form of copying blindly imitate state.
　　 近年来，国际认可活动的发展正呈现出日益由分散走向统一的发展趋势，一是国际标准化组织发布了统一的认可机构国际标准，二是一国之内或者一个经济体之内的认可机构由多个合并为唯一一个。为适应社会主义市场经济的发展，改变认可机构条块分割的状况，并进一步与国际惯例接轨，我国的认可机构经过了几次合并，形成了目前国内只有一家认可机构――中国合格评定国家认可委员会（CNAS），CNAS统一负责对认证机构、实验室及相关机构和检查机构的认可工作的局面，逐步建立起了全国统一的国家认可制度。
In recent years, the development of international accreditation activities are increasingly fragmented by the trend towards unity, one is the international organization for standardization released the unified AIS international standard, two is within a country or an economic body recognition mechanism consists of multiple combined for only one. In order to adapt to the development of socialist market economy, change the AIS compartmentalization of the situation, and further with international practice, China's institutions after several mergers, formed the current domestic only authorized institutions -- China National Accreditation ( CNAS ), CNAS unified responsible for certification bodies, laboratories and related mechanism and examination orgnaization approbate the job situation, and gradually establish a unified national accreditation system.
　　 相关法律制度体系的形成和发展
Legal system of the formation and development of
　　 改革开放以来，随着社会经济的发展，我国检验认证行业的相关法律法规从无到有，在不断出台新法规和调整旧法规中，逐步形成了由《中华人民共和国产品质量法》、《中华人民共和国标准化法》、《中华人民共和国计量法》、《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》和《中华人民共和国认证认可条例》为骨干的比较完善的法律制度体系。
Since the reform and opening up, with the development of social economy, China Certification & inspection industry related laws and regulations from scratch, in the constant introduction of new regulations and adjust the old laws, gradually formed by the" people's Republic of China product quality law"," people's Republic of China"," people's Republic of China"," people's Republic of China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Law" and" law of the people's Republic of China Certification and Accreditation" as the backbone of the relatively perfect legal system.
　　 中国检验认证行业管理体制的演变
China Certification & inspection industry management system evolution
　　 改革开放以来，随着历次国务院机构的改革，检验认证行业的管理部门及其职能也几经调整和转变。其间，检验认证行业管理部门曾出现了两次大的合并，一是1998年3月将分属三个部委的国家进出口商品检疫局、农业部动植物检疫局和卫生部卫生检疫局进行了合并，组建成中华人民共和国出入境检验检疫局，即通常所说的“三检合一”；二是2001年4月将质量检验监督与出入境检验检疫进行了合并，成立了中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局。这两次的机构合并，体现了检验认证行业管理体制由管具体业务向管规则制定和维护竞争秩序的转变。
Since the reform and opening up, with the various state agencies' reform, inspection and certification industry management department and its functions after adjustment and transformation. Meanwhile, inspection and certification industry management department has appeared two big merger, was 1998 March will belong to the three ministries of the state import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture Bureau of animal and plant quarantine and the Ministry of health and Quarantine Bureau were combined to form Cheng Zhonghua, the people's Republic of China Entry-Exit inspection and Quarantine Bureau, what say normally namely "three check syncretic"; two 2001 April will quality supervision and inspection and the entry-exit inspection and quarantine for the merger, founded the people's Republic of China State Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and quarantine. The two bodies merged, embodies the certification industry management system from the tube to tube specific business rules and maintaining the competitive order change.
　　 中国检验认证行业监管体系与发达国家的比较
China Certification & inspection industry regulatory system compared with that of developed countries
　　 中国检验认证行业的监管机制，从体制设计来看，与发达国家，主要是美国、欧盟等存在很大差异，而在某些方面与日本、韩国模式较为接近。国内外检验认证行业监管体系的主要差异体现在由法律法规体系统领的行政监管制度和检验认证机构管理制度；而在认可制度方面，中国的国际化程度较高。
China Certification & inspection supervision mechanism, from system design, with the developed countries, mainly the United States, European Union has the very big difference, and in some ways with Japan, South Korea model is more close to the. Domestic and foreign certification industry regulatory system of the main differences reflected in by legal laws and regulations system, administrative supervision and inspection certification management system; and in the recognition system, the higher degree of internationalization of china.
　　 法律法规体系
The system of laws and regulations
　　 法律法规体系是检验认证行业制度的基础，是规范检验认证行业各类相关主体责任、义务和权利的最基础性和权威性的文件，具有相对的稳定性，也是一个国家或者地区对检验认证行业监管理念的最根本性反映。中国以及美国、欧盟、日本、韩国等国家都建立了庞大的与检验认证行业有关的法律法规体系，但是其侧重点或者说规范的重点存在较大差异。
The system of laws and regulations is the certification and inspection industry system foundation, is the standard test and certification industry related responsibilities, duties and rights of the most basic and authoritative documents, have relative stability, is also a country or region to test and certification industry regulatory philosophy basic reflection. China and the United States, the European Union, Japan, Korea and other countries have established a huge and inspection certification industry relevant laws and regulations system, but its emphasis or normative key differences.
　　 在法律法规体系的构成方面，国外与检验认证行业有关的法律法规大多以产品为直接规范对象，即提出产品合格的基本要求，进而涉及到检验认证行业。中国的相关法律法规体系不仅包括以产品为规范对象的，如《食品安全法》、《特种设备安全监察条例》、《产品质量法》、《进出口商检法》等，还有《认证认可条例》这样的直接规范认证认可行业的法规，法律法规体系规范的范围更广。
In the system of laws and regulations construction, inspection and certification industry abroad and the relevant laws and regulations are mostly products for the direct object is proposed for qualified products, the basic requirements, which relates to the certification and inspection industry. China 's relevant laws and regulations system includes not only the product as a normative object, such as a" food safety law"," special equipment safety supervision regulations"," product quality law"," the import and Export Commodity Inspection Law", and" certification and Accreditation" such direct regulation and accreditation industry regulations, laws and regulations system specification a wider range of.
　　 在法律法规所包含的内容方面，国内外法律法规体系也具有某些相同的规定。如均会对一些产品提出强制性检验或者认证的要求，实行自愿性认证和强制性认证相结合的产品认证方式。实行强制性检验或者认证的产品由政府部门确定，而检验或认证活动或者由政府部门直接执行，或者由政府部门委托或授权检验认证机构进行。美国联邦政府通过立法形式确定了50多项强制性认证。日本的《药品管理法》、《电气设备和材料安全法》和《食品卫生法》等，详细规定了此类产品中需要进行不同类型认证的产品目录，其中对很多商品要求进行强制性认证。与发达国家相比，中国将强制性产品认证放在一个更为突出和重要的地位，强制性产品认证在国家整个认证制度中起着基础性的作用。
In the laws and regulations contained in the content areas, domestic and foreign legal system also has some of the same provisions. Such as are on some products made mandatory testing or certification requirements, implementation of voluntary certification and combination of compulsory certification product certification. Mandatory inspection or certification of products by the government departments to identify, and inspection or certification activities or by government departments directly executable, or by government departments commissioned or authorized inspection and certification bodies. The United States federal government passed legislation to form identified more than 50 compulsory certification. Japan's" Drug Administration Law"," electrical equipment and material safety law" and" Food Sanitation Law", detailing the need for different types of products subject to the certification, which for many goods require mandatory certification. Compared with developed countries, China will be mandatory product certification is placed in a more prominent and important position in the whole country, compulsory product certification certification system plays a fundamental role.
　　 行政监管制度
Administrative supervision system
　　 行政监管方面，中国与发达国家，尤其是与美国和欧盟存在着很大差异。由于美国、欧盟不存在类似于中国国家认证认可监督管理委员会（简称认监委）的行业主管部门，因而也几乎没有由政府部门直接进行的对检验认证机构的监管行为。而中国将行业监管和制度设计均纳入到相关的政府机构，为强化行政监管在整个检验认证行业监管体系中的地位打下了制度化的基础。
Administrative supervision, China and the developed countries, especially the United States and the European Union and there exist great differences. Due to the United States, the EU does not exist is similar to the Chinese country attestation approves supervisory management committee (hereinafter referred to as the CNCA ) the Department in charge of industry, which has almost no by government departments directly to certification and inspection supervision behavior. China's supervision and system design are incorporated to related government agencies, in order to strengthen the administrative supervision in the whole test and certification industry regulatory system in the position to lay a foundation of institutionalizing.
　　 与中国的发展历史相似，日本、韩国在检验认证活动开展的初期，都是由政府部门直接进行检验认证工作，其后随着第三方检验认证机构的发展，政府才转向负责认证机构的授权或批准。
With China 's historical development is similar, Japan, Korea in inspection and certification activities carried out in the early stages, are government departments by direct inspection certification, then as the third party inspection certification agencies, the government turned to responsible for accrediting agencies authorized or approved.
　　 检验认证机构的管理制度
Inspection certification management system
　　 发达国家对第三方检验认证机构进行直接管理的制度较少，而中国对检验鉴定、认证，以及实验室资质评价等都以法律法规的形式做出了规定，实际上是设置了第三方检验认证机构的进入门槛，形成了一定的行业进入壁垒。
The developed countries to the third party inspection certification authority direct management system is less, and China to test identification, authentication, and laboratory qualification evaluation and so on in the form of legal laws and regulations of the provisions, is actually set up third party inspection certification body to enter the threshold, the formation of a certain industry entering barrier.
　　 认可制度
Accreditation system
　　 中国的认可制度既遵循国际规则又结合中国国情。具体体现在：第一，认可准则采用了相应的国际标准。中国的认可制度是按照国际规则建立起来的一项工作制度，国际化程度极高，从引进开始就采用了国际通行的规则和标准，在其后的发展中也始终保持了与国际标准的同步。目前，我国已经在相关的国际组织中占据了重要位置。第二，整合原有机构，建立CNAS，以统一的认可机构名称、统一的认可徽标开展各类合格评定认可工作，包括认证机构认可、检查机构认可和实验室认可。这一整合与国际认可的发展趋势一致，欧盟已经要求所有成员国在合格评定认可方面不能存在国内多个认可机构竞争的体制。第三，中国的认可实施工作机制适应中国的国情特点，建立了一些中国化的认可监督管理机制。
China accreditation system not only follow the international rules and combining the national conditions of china. Embodied in: first, the accreditation guidelines adopted relevant international standards. Chinese recognition system is in accordance with the international rules set up a working system, a high degree of internationalization, from the introduction begins to use the international rules and standards, in subsequent developments have always maintained with the international standard synchronization. At present, our country has been in the relevant international organizations occupy an important position. In second, the integration of the original mechanism, establish CNAS, with unified accreditation organization name, unified accreditation logo to carry out various types of qualification accreditation, including the accreditation of certification bodies, inspection body accreditation and laboratory accreditation. The integration and the international recognition of the development trend, the European Union has asked all Member States in the qualification recognition cannot exist a number of domestic institutions competition system. In third, China recognized implementation mechanism adapted to the reality of China, established some of China accreditation supervision mechanism.
　　 关于中国检验认证行业监管的未来方向的思考
About China Certification & inspection supervision of the industry of the future direction of thinking
　　 进一步理顺监管体系中的政府部门职责
To further rationalize the regulatory system of the government responsibility
　　 国家质检总局、认监委的成立，很大程度上解决了之前行业监管工作所存在的政出多门、多重标准、重复收费、监督不力等问题。但是，由于与国务院其他部门之间还存在诸多不明确、须协调的问题，行业还存在事实上的分割管理。改善政府管理职能分割过细，多部门职能交叉，多头、多环节管理的局面，逐步推进我国检验认证行业实质上的统一管理，对促进行业健康发展十分关键。同时，应结合政府职能转变，进一步强化政府的宏观调控、政策引导、行业监管职能，完善行政管理模式，把原来由政府管理的大量操作性事务、专业化业务职能交给专业检验认证机构承担，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用。
AQSIQ, CNCA was established, largely solved before industry supervision work in each department acting on its own, multiple criteria, repeat collect fees, supervision. However, as with other department of the State Council between still put in a lot of not clear, should the problem of coordination, industry also has in fact segmentation management. To improve the government management function segmentation is meticulous, multiple sectional function across, long, much link management situation, advance stage by stage China certification inspection industry substantially uniform management, to promote the healthy development of the industry is the key. At the same time, should be combined with the transformation of government functions, further strengthen the macroscopical adjusting control of the government, policy guiding, industry regulatory functions, improve the administrative management mode, the original by the government to manage the large operational affairs, professional business functions to professional certification organizations, and give full play to the market in allocating resources to the basic role of.
　　 继续深化国有检验认证机构的改革
Continue to deepen reform of state-owned inspection certification bodies
　　 独立的市场化运行的检验认证机构是实施检验认证行业监管的制度基础。应该将国有检验认证机构的改革改制继续推向深入，使其真正成为独立的市场经济主体。这样使得监管主体可以集中精力于行业监督，为提升监管水平打下良好的基础。在检验认证行业，政府同样必须有所为，有所不为，有效履行自己的法定职责，从而做到不越位、不缺位和不错位。国有机构是我国检验认证行业的主体，因此深化国有检验认证机构的改革，特别是行政指导下的国有事业单位检测实验室的整合重组，对于发展壮大我国检验认证行业，提升行业的国际竞争力，打造世界知名品牌，具有深远的战略意义。
Independent of the market-oriented operation of certification testing organizations are implementing inspection and certification industry regulation system base. Should the state inspection certification institution reform to further, make it really become an independent subject in market economy. The regulatory body can focus on industry supervision, in order to promote the level of supervision and lay a good foundation. In the test and certification industry, the government also must be somewhat, do not be somewhat, to effectively perform its statutory duties, and thus do not offside, vacancy and dislocation. State-owned institutions is China's certification and inspection industry body, thus deepening state-owned inspection certification institution reform, especially the administrative guidance of the state-owned institutions testing laboratory conformity recombines, for the development and expansion of our test and certification industry, enhance the international competition ability of the industry, creating the world famous brands, have far-reaching strategic significance.
　　 强化认可的监督管理作用
Strengthening the supervision and management role recognition
　　 从国际经验来看，认可机构在对认证机构及相关组织活动规范性的监管方面发挥着主要的作用。认可机构具有政府授权的特点，检验认证机构的能力和信用需要认可的确认。检验认证的公信力与认可的信用密不可分，而认可的信用则直接与政府信用挂钩，在国际上，认可机构普遍与政府具有密切的联系。尽管认证机构、检查机构、实验室可以自愿申请认可机构的认可，但是对于中国检验认证行业处于成长中的各类机构而言，通过认可来提高自身的信用水平仍然具有极其重要的作用。因此，要充分发挥认可的约束监督作用，把认可作为监管的重要环节，提高检验认证的有效性。
From the point of international experience, accreditation bodies in the certification institutions and related activities of the organization normative regulation plays a major role in. AIs have government authorization characteristics, testing certification body ability and credit need approval confirmation. Test and certification of trust and credit are inseparable, and credit is directly linked with the government credit, in the international accreditation agency, has a close connection with the government generally. Despite the certification bodies, inspection institutions, laboratories may voluntarily apply for accreditation organization recognized, but for China Certification & inspection industry in the growth of various institutions, through the recognition to improve their credit standards still has the extremely vital role. Therefore, we should give full play to the supervisory role of the constraint recognition, recognition as an important link to improve supervision, inspection and certification of the validity of.