充分理解、灵活把握ISO14001标准中的各个要素
Understand, grasp the various elements of ISO14001 standard
ISO14001标准之于审核员就象武器之于战士一样重要，如果一个审核员没有充分理解ISO14001标准就去审核组织的环境管理体系，就像一个战士没有很好地学会使用武器就上战场去战斗一样可笑，审核员只有不断深入学习ISO14001标准，并以之指导审核工作的开展，这是从理论到实践的过程；在审核工作中总结经验和教训，进一步理解ISO14001标准的要求，这是一个从实践到理论的过程，经过多次理论至实践之间的反复，才能害到一个比较理想水平，光学习标准不审核不行，光审核不总结也不行，笔者就审核中值得注意的几个问题提出来与大家一起探讨。
The ISO14001 standard to the auditors as weapons to the soldier is as important as, if an auditor does not fully understand the ISO14001 standards to audit the organization 's environmental management system, like a soldier is not well learn to use the weapon on the battlefield to fight like a ridiculous, the auditor only constant depth study of ISO14001 standards, and to guide the audit work to begin, it is the process from theory to practice; the audit work of summing up the experience and lessons, the further understanding of the requirements of ISO14001 standard, it is a process from theory to practice, through a series of theory to practice between repeated, to get a desired level, light learning standards not examine not, optical review do not sum up too, the author will review some problems worth attention in the proposed to discuss together with everybody.
1、 是否所有的重要环境因素都要制定环境目标指标和管理方案进行控制
1, whether all the important environmental factors to develop environmental target and management control
有的审核员认为组织应当针对所有的重要一半因素制定了环境目标指标和环境管理方案进行控制，笔者不同意这种做法，实际上重要环境因素可以通过三条途径加以控制，即实施环境管理方案、日常运行控制以及应急准备和响应，条条道路都可行通罗马，ISO14001标准没有规定针对所有的重要环境因素都要制定环境目标指标和管理方案，只是要求在制定环境目标和指标时应考虑组织所评价出的重要环境因素，而且有的重要环境因素不太适宜制定环境目标指标和管理方案，如一家机械制造企业将设备维修过程中产生的油类物质的跑冒滴漏评价为重要环境因不比，针对这一重要环境因素无法制定出量化的环境指标，所以该公司就制定了油类物质咆冒滴漏控制程序来对设备维修过程中的各种跑冒滴漏行为加以控制，从而实施了对这一重要环境因素的控制，在重要环境因素的控制问题上，笔者认为审核员关注的重点在于，组织是否遗漏了重要环境因素，组织所评价出来的重要环境因素是否得到了有效控制，至于采取什么控制，通过什么途径对重要环境因素进行控制是由组织自己决定的，审核员没有必要在这方面进行主观判断。
Some auditors think organizations shall for all important half formulated environmental targets and environmental management plan for control, the author does not agree with this approach, in fact important environmental factors can be controlled through three ways, namely the implementation of environment management plan, daily operation control and emergency preparedness and response, all roads lead to Rome ISO14001 feasible, standard has no provision for all the important environmental factors to develop environmental target indicators and management plan, just ask in the formulation of environmental objectives and targets should be considered when the organization evaluation of important environment factors, and some important environmental factors are not suitable for developing environmental target and management solutions, such as a machinery manufacturing enterprise equipment repair generated in the process of oil leakage evaluation of important environment because of less than, in view of the important environmental factors to develop quantitative indicators of the environment, so the company made oil substances distance run gain control procedures for equipment repair process of various leakage to control the behavior, thus implementing the important environment factors control, in the important environmental factors Control problem, the author thinks that the auditor focuses on, whether the omission of important environmental factors, the evaluation of important environment factor of whether it has been effectively controlled, as to what control, through what way of important environment factor control is determined by the organization to decide, the auditor is not necessary in the aspects of subjective judgment.
2、 监测和测量设备的校准和维护
2, monitoring and measurement equipment calibration and maintenance
笔者在审核时发现在被审核方中普遍存在一种看法，即认为标准4.5.1中所说的监测和测量设备就是指环保局在进行水气声污染物监测时所用到的仪器和设备，一般建立环境管理体系的组织都不具备进行水体污染物、大气污染物和噪声的监测能力，所以他们都将水气声污染物方面的监测工作季托当地环保部门代为进行，所以就认为自己没有监测和测量设备，因此也不需要对设备进行校准和维护，笔者认为4.5.1中所说的监测和测量设备不仅仅是指水、气、声污染物的监测齐备，它的范围要大很多，它包括所有与监测和测量重要环境因素的关键特征有关的仪器和设备，如水表、电表、称量仪、计数器等，这里的关键在于组织所确定的重要环境因素及其控制控制，如某公司将电的消耗评价为重要环境因素来加以控制，针对这一重要环境呆至少制定的环境目标指标为：单位产值耗电量比上一年下降10%；并且这一环境目标指标分解到各部门，规定了各部门的各类活动的用电量，且分别安装了电表进行计量考核，则对于该公司而言，用于测量电量的电表也应该作为监测和测量设备进行校准和维护。因为如果电表没有处于校准状态，则其显示结果就不能真正反映各部门耗电量，也就不能反映重要环境因素是否得到有效控制，组织与就没有害到标准4.5.1时应特别注意组织是否将与其重要环境因素的关键特性的监测和测量有关设备识别完全，并且将之纳入校准和维护的范围之内。