HACCP/ISO22000食品安全管理体系认证：对实施食品安全性管理的几点看法
发布时间: 2020-11-09 11:37 点击：
HACCP / ISO22000 food safety management system certification: on the implementation of food safety management views
㈠在食品安全性管理中应用风险分析的必要性
A in food safety management in the application of risk analysis to the necessity of
食品风险分析的基本理论框架是严谨的，代表了现代科学技术最新成果在食品安全性管理方面实际应用的发展方向。因此，研究和应用风险分析原理，有利于我们更好地对进出口食品安全性进行科学化管理，使得我国的食品安全性管理手段与国际接轨。当然，实施风险分析也有来自于国内外各方面的压力和推动力。
Food risk analysis framework of the basic theory is rigorous, represents the latest achievements of modern science and technology on food safety management in the practical application development direction. Therefore, the research and application of the theory of risk analysis, help us better on import and export food safety to conduct scientific management, making China's food safety management method and international conform. Of course, the implementation of risk analysis from all aspects of domestic and international pressure and driving force. 中国质量认证网
1.风险分析对国际食品贸易的影响
1 risk analysis to the international food trade effects
①风险分析已经成为变相的强制性标准
The risk analysis has become a mandatory standard
SPS通过之后，建立在风险分析基础之上的CAC的标准（包括推荐和导则）的性质已经发生了实质性的变化，也就是说，由原来的推荐性标准演变成一种为国际社会所广泛接受和普遍采用的食品安全性管理的措施，成为国际食品贸易中变相的强制性标准。
SPS passed, based on risk analysis based on CAC standards ( including the recommendations and guidelines ) nature has undergone substantial changes, that is to say, from the original recommendation standards evolved into an international society are widely accepted and commonly employed in food safety management measures, to become an international food trade in the mandatory standards.
②预防性措施的概念有可能被滥用
The preventive measures of the concept may be abused
SPS允许成员国在紧急情况下和在确定性措施缺乏足够科学依据的情况下可以采取预防性措施。同时又规定这种紧急措施只能是临时性的。在合理的时间内，采取这种措施的政府应当寻求必要的补充资料，对风险进行更加客观的评估，并对这些所采取的紧急措施进行审查。
SPS allows member states in emergency situations and in certain measures the lack of adequate scientific basis of circumstances can take preventive measures. At the same time, provided that the emergency measures are only temporary. In a reasonable period of time, to take such measures government should seek the necessary supplementary information, a more objective assessment of risk, and the emergency measures adopted are reviewed.
而欧盟提出实施预防性措施的前提是"当有关人类健康危险的存在或发展不够确定时，机构可以采取保护措施，而不用去等到该危险的现状和严重性完全明朗化?quot;也就是说欧盟在采取预防性措施时并不需要具备充分的科学依据，可以以情况紧急为由先行采取措施，然后慢慢加以论证。在经过一段漫长的时间以及复杂的过程之后，如果有科学依据的话当然可以坚持这种预防性措施，如果缺乏科学依据也可以宣布撤销这种预防性措施。这种缺乏严密依据和必要制约的预防性措施对国际食品贸易的杀伤力显然是很大的。如果预防性措施这种概念被滥用，贸易各方出于贸易保护的需要，抓住食品安全性问题而轻率地采取预防性措施，就有可能成为一种歧视性的贸易技术壁垒措施。 中国质量认证网
While the European Union put forward the implementation of preventive measures is the premise of" when the human health risk of the existence or development is not determined, organizations can take protection measures, rather than having to wait until the risk status and severity of perfectly clear? Quot; that is to say the EU to take preventive measures does not need to have sufficient scientific basis in case of emergency, can that take measures in advance, and then slowly to prove. After a long time and the complexity of the process, if there is a scientific basis for what we can persist in such preventive measures, if the lack of scientific basis can also announced the withdrawal of this preventive measures. This lack of strict basis and necessary restriction of preventive measures to the international food trade lethality is apparently much. If the preventive measures the concept of abuse, trade parties out of trade protection, grab the food safety issue recklessly and take preventive measures, there may be a discriminatory technical barriers to trade measures.
③来自于已经开展风险分析国家的压力
The risk analysis has been carried out from the state of stress
目前，不仅是一些发达国家，而且在中国周边的一些发展中国家也在食品风险分析方面已经开展了许多工作。泰国已将风险分析纳入国家食品法规当中，并建立了国家食品发展计划；马来西亚已经成立了国家风险分析委员会和5个相应的分委员会（生物评估、食品添加剂、污染物、兽残和农残以及风险情况交流），在风险分析的应用方面进入了实质性的启动；韩国仿效美国FDA，组建了韩国的食品与药物管理局（KFDA），对食品安全性风险进行集中、统一的管理，特别是对进口食品制定了一系列的法规和工作程序。这些开展风险分析的国家必定在食品风险分析方面出台一系列的规定和措施，虽然是针对食品安全性采取的管理措施，但肯定会对国际食品贸易产生深刻的影响。他们的积极行动，对我国形成了一定的压力。如果我们还是在强调作为发展中国家的特殊性，观望或者等待，那将有可能丧失发展时机，拉大与已经开展此项工作的发达国家、甚至某些发展中国家的差距。
At present, only a few developed countries, but also in China and some surrounding countries also in food risk analysis have been carried out a lot of work. Thailand has risk analysis into the national food regulations, and the establishment of a national food development plan; Malaysia has established a national risk analysis Council and 5 corresponding points on the board ( biological evaluation, food additives, contaminants, residual pesticide and pesticide residues and risk communication ), in the application of risk analysis has entered a substantive start; it joined the United States FDA, established the Korean food and Drug Administration ( KFDA ), for food safety risk for centralized and unified management, especially on the import of food has formulated a series of laws and regulations and work procedures. These carry out risk analysis of the country will be in the food risk analysis has promulgated a series of regulations and measures, although it is aimed at food safety measures taken by the management, but is sure to produce profound effect to international trade in food. Their positive action, to our country the formation of a certain pressure. If we still emphasizing as developing special, look or wait for, it would likely lose development opportunity, bigger has to carry out the work of the developed country, even some developing gap.
2.实施风险分析是检验检疫机构执法手段的需要
2 implementation of risk analysis is the institution of inspection and quarantine law enforcement means needs
食品安全性管理是一种政府行为，检验检疫机构对进出口食品的安全性负有管理职责，而风险分析是目前控制食品安全性的较为先进有效的手段，属于检验检疫机构行政执法职能的范围。
Food safety management is a kind of government behavior, the inspection and quarantine institutions on import and export food safety have management responsibility, and risk analysis is the control of food safety is more advanced and effective means, which belongs to the inspection and quarantine institution of administrative law enforcement functions range.
风险分析离我们并不遥远，我们在实际工作中已经自觉或不自觉的运用了风险分析。国家检验检疫局正在实施的对进出口食品生产厂的检疫卫生注册制度、食品卫生的监督管理、对进出口食品进行分类管理等工作实际上就是风险管理的实质性内容。因此，风险分析完全可以成为我们的执法的一种工具。
Risk analysis is not far away from us, we are in real work has consciously or unconsciously applying risk analysis. The national inspection and quarantine bureau is being implemented on import and export food production plant quarantine registered system of the hygiene, food hygiene supervision and management, for the import and export food classification management is actually working risk management content. Therefore, risk analysis can become our law enforcement as a tool.
世界各国政府以保护本国消费者健康为口号，利用食品安全性问题来制造贸易障碍。我们只有在食品安全性管理措施方面与国际接轨，运用风险分析这个手段，以其之矛，制其之盾，针锋相对，才有可能在保护我国食品的对外贸易，保护消费者健康方面有所作为。
Governments around the world to protect consumer health as the slogan, the food safety problem to create barriers to trade. We are only in the food safety management measures in line with international standards, using the means of risk analysis, with the spear, for its shield, give tit for tat, is only possible in the protection of China's food trade, protection of consumer health dosomethinpreviouslyunreleased.
3.检验检疫机构发展的需要
3 of the inspection and quarantine institution development needs
加入WTO以后，检验检疫机构将逐步按照国际惯例进行运作。检验市场将会逐步开放，我们的一般性检验工作将直接面临市场竞争，依靠行政手段（如种类表）来对检验工作进行垄断再也不太可能了。我们应该多考虑如何充分发挥我们的行政执法职能。检验检疫机构要发展，就必须调整我们的工作方向和工作重点。进出口食品安全性管理是一种完全的政府行为，是国家赋予检验检疫部门的行政执法范围。我们在逐步放弃民事行为后，运用风险分析等进行食品安全性管理时可以联带出一系列带有强烈行政行为的工作，比如推行HACCP等，在顺应国际潮流的前提下，加强我们的执法地位。因此，在食品安全性管理中实施风险分析正是检验检疫机构发展的最好切入点。
After joining WTO, the inspection and quarantine institutions will gradually according to the international practice. Test market will gradually open up, our general inspection work will directly face the competition in the market, relying on administrative means ( such as a list ) to test work of monopoly is unlikely. We should consider how to give full play to our administrative law enforcement functions. The inspection and quarantine institutions should develop, must adjust our direction and working key. Import and export food safety management is a government behavior, is granted by the state inspection and quarantine departments of administrative law enforcement scope. We gradually give up the civil behavior, use risk analysis of food safety management can be combined with a series of strong administrative work, such as the implementation of HACCP, to comply with the international trend of the premise, strengthen our law enforcement status. Therefore, in food safety management in the implementation of risk analysis is the inspection and quarantine institution to develop the best entry point.
㈡实施风险分析的困难性
Two implementation of the difficulty of risk analysis
1. 资源上的困难
1 resources of the difficulties
对于包括中国在内的广大发展中国家来说，食品风险分析是一个新的概念，我们严重缺乏这方面的专业人才，更缺乏必要的资金。一个国家在进行风险分析时，在理想状态下，进行风险分析的主管机构应当掌握该国食源性危害的等风险因素的全部资料。而我国是进出口食品和内销食品的安全性管理分别由几个不同的行政部门来进行，这种条块分割和各自为政的管理体制使得我们不但极度缺乏风险分析的必要资料，而且在现行的管理体制下这些有限的信息又很难做到资源共享，这就有可能无法进行风险因素调查等工作。由此可见，上述问题将成为我国应用风险分析进行食品安全性管理的重要的制约因素。
For the developing countries including China, food risk analysis is a new concept, we lack the professional personnel, a lack of necessary funds. A country in risk analysis, in the ideal situation, risk analysis of administration shall master the country of foodborne hazards risk factors for all data. But our country 's food import and export and domestic food safety management are composed of several different administrative departments to carry out this compartmentalization and the act of one's own free will, the management system has enabled us not only the lack of risk analysis of the necessary information, and in the current management system under the limited information is very difficult to achieve the sharing of resources, it is may be unable to carry out risk factors investigation work. Thus, the problem will become China's application of risk analysis in food safety management the important restriction factor.
2.舆论导向和消费者对风险的认知
2 public opinion and consumer perception of the risk of
目前的风险情况交流强调了消费者和新闻媒介的参与。但是，由于发展中国家的消费者和新闻媒介对于食品安全性问题的认识水平较低，过分强调其作用很可能导致政府在决策时，将有限的管理资源，投入到消费者更加关注的"热点"问题上，而实际上这些问题并不完全是真正最急需解决、或者在科学意义上并不是最严重的食品安全性问题，这必将造成管理资源的巨大浪费，同时也将给消费者造成潜在的危害。消费者要正确地认识和理解风险，尽管风险每时每刻都在我们的日常生活中，人们并没有因为它们的存在而减少自己的社会活动。食品安全性风险也是如此?quot;零风险"的食品是不存在的，风险始终伴随着食品。进行风险分析的目的不是要实现、实际上也不可能实现食品安全性"零风险"，而是要通过有效的风险管理，将风险控制在可以接受或承受的范围之内。
The current risk communication emphasizes on consumer and media participation. However, due to the developing of consumers and the media for food safety awareness of the problem of low level, too much emphasis on the role of government in decision-making is likely to lead to, will limited resources, to consumers more attention "heat " on the problem, but the problem is not completely true, or at the most urgent the scientific meaning and not the most serious food safety issues, which will cause a huge waste of management resources, but will also cause potential harm to consumers. Consumers should correctly recognize and understand risk, despite the risk of every moment in our daily life, people do not because they reduce the presence of their social activities. Food safety risk is so? Quot; zero risk" food does not exist, the risk is always accompanied with food. Risk analysis is not designed to achieve, in fact it is impossible to realize the food safety of" zero risk", but through the effective risk management, the risk control in the acceptable range or bear. 中国质量认证网
3.风险管理措施带来的额外风险
3 measures to bring the additional risk risk management
目前的风险分析，基本上是对单个危害的风险进行研究，较少同时考虑多种不同危害的综合风险情况，也缺乏进行不同风险之间比较的具有可操作性的方法。这样，在许多情况下，不排除所选择的风险管理决定有可能造成更大的或者其他的危害。例如，使用高氯消毒水进行清洗，在减少致病菌危害的同时，产生了氯胺的化学性危害；在肉制品中不使用亚硝酸盐，可以减少因亚硝酸盐转变为亚硝胺而带来的致癌的风险，但是却增加了由于肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌增殖其代谢物引起食物中毒的风险。
The current risk analysis, basically is the single hazard risk research, less considering many kinds of different hazards comprehensive risk situations, and lack of comparison between different risk operational method. Thus, in many cases, do not rule out the choice of risk management decisions could result in greater or other hazards. For example, the use of high chlorine disinfection of water for cleaning, in the reduction of pathogens at the same time, produced a chloramine chemical hazards; without the use of nitrite in meat products, can reduce the nitrite is converted into nitrosamines and brought the risk of cancer, but has increased due to Clostridium botulinum proliferation and its metabolites cause the risk of food poisoning. 本文来至于中国质量认证网
4.技术法规和标准滞后使得安全性风险增大
4 technical regulations and standards lag makes safety risk
贸易技术堡垒协议（TBT）推荐缔约国尽可能地采用国际标准。但是在制修订国际标准方面，目前基本上被发达国家所垄断，甚至先有发达国家的标准，然后由他们发展成国际标准，以他们为前瞻。
Trade agreement ( TBT ) recommended technical fortress state as far as possible the adoption of international standards. But in the revision of international standard at present, basically by forestall of developed country place, even the first developed country standards, then by their development into an international standard, take them as prospective.
在采用国际标准方面，80年代初，英、法、德等国家采用国际标准已达到80%，日本新制定的国家标准有90%以上是采用国际标准，而中国的国家标准只有40%左右采用了国际标准，还有相当一部分标准与国际标准不一致，甚至有部分是抵触的。由此可见，在国际标准的采用方面，中国明显滞后。
In adopting international standards, at the beginning of the 80's, Britain and France, Germany and other countries, the adoption of international standards has reached 80%, Japan's new national standards developed by more than 90% of the adoption of international standards, and the Chinese national standard is only about 40% of the use of international standards, there is still a considerable part of the standard not consistent with international standards, and even part is inconsistent. Therefore, the adoption of international standards, China lags.
就食品安全性的保护水平来讲，除了添加剂标准之外（当然也是由于我国添加剂的研究和生产不发达所致），我国其他控制食源性危害方面的标准与国际标准一致或者接近的不多，大部分处于较低的保护水平，使得我国的消费者在食品消费时不得不承受较大的风险。在国际食品贸易中，由于我国在控制食品安全性管理方面的技术法规和标准过低，甚至空缺，在其他国家认定的安全性风险较高的产品，甚至是不合格的产品，因为符合了我国的规定就可以堂而皇之地进入中国市场，给中国的消费者带来不可预测的风险。
On the food safety protection level, addition of additive standards ( also as a result of our country additive research and production is developed by our country ), other control of food-borne hazards in terms of the standards are in line with international standards or nearly not much, mostly in the lower level of protection, so that consumers in food consumption in China to take bigger risks. In the international food trade, because our country is in the control of food safety management of technical regulations and standards are too low, and even vacant, in other countries that the safety of higher risk products, even is not qualified products, because of our regulations could stately to enter the Chinese market, to the Chinese consumer bring uncertain risk.
5.新技术的应用使得风险管理难度增加
5 new technique which increases the difficulty of risk management
现代生物技术在农作物的基因改良方面取得了突破性的进展，当采用转基因技术进行基因改良的产品进行商业性种植，转基因产品投放到市场后，围绕转基因产品在安全性方面所具有的不确定性而引起的争论是空前绝后的。以美国为代表的认为转基因产品绝对无害；以欧盟为代表的却认为转基因产品的安全性尚不确定，必须进行长期观察。这不仅仅是对转基因产品安全性问题认识上的分歧，也不仅仅是对安全性进行的风险分析结果上的差异，问题在于他们利用这种分歧和差异对转基因产品采取了截然相反的风险管理措施。这可真的使我们大开眼界，我们从中也可以认识到在新技术的不断发展以及这些新技术在食品生产领域实际应用的情况下，风险分析的外延正在根据国际食品贸易的需要而拓展，有被滥用的可能。风险分析并非仅仅是用来控制食源性危害，作为食品安全性管理的工具，实际上完全可以、并且已经成为国际食品贸易中进行贸易保护的工具。
Modern biological technology in crop genetic improvement has made breakthrough progress, when using the transgenic technology of genetically modified products for commercial planting of GM products, after putting in the market, around the transgenic products in security aspect has the uncertainty caused by the debate is unprecedented and unrepeatable. As the representative of the United States believe that genetically modified products absolutely harmless; represented by the European Union that transgenic product safety is uncertain, the need for long-term observation. This is not only the safety of transgenic product problem understanding differences, there is not only the safety risk analysis results of difference, the problem is that they use this kind of difference and difference on transgenic products took a diametrically opposite risk management measures. This can be really enable us to feed one's sight on, we can also be recognized in the continuous development of new technology and the new technology in food production area of practical application case, the risk analysis extension are according to the international food trade to expand, with the potential for abuse. Risk analysis is not only used to control foodborne hazards, as food safety management tool, in fact completely, and has become an international food trade in the instrument of trade protection.
㈢检验检疫机构在食品安全性管理中的作为
Three the institution of inspection and quarantine in food safety management in
1.风险管理是检验检疫机构的职责
1 risk management is the responsibility of the inspection and quarantine institution
世界各国的食品安全卫生主管当局都在采取措施以控制食品安全性风险，比如市场准入前包括食品安全性和质量的评估、食品生产企业和贮存的评估就是风险评估；制定食品标准和对生产商和进口商要求，例如加工环境卫生和适当的质量控制，对食品的注册和对食品企业的市场准入前的控制措施，以及主管当局的调查和监控，企业的自我控制，例如GMP（良好操作规范）、HACCP（危害分析和关键控制点）、GLP（良好实验室规范）等，这些都是风险管理的措施。就我国来讲，国家局正在实施的对进出口食品生产厂的食品卫生注册登记、食品卫生监督管理、对进出口食品进行分类管理等工作实际上就是风险管理的实质性内容。
World food safety and health authorities have taken measures to control food safety risks, such as market access before including food safety and quality assessment, food production and storage of assessment is the risk assessment; make food standard and to the producers and importers of requirements, such as processing and environmental hygiene and appropriate quality control, on the registration of food and food enterprise market before access control measures, as well as the competent authorities for investigation and monitoring, enterprise self control, such as GMP ( good manufacturing practices ), HACCP ( hazard analysis and critical control point ), GLP ( good laboratory practice ), these are the measures of risk management. For our country, the National Bureau is being implemented on import and export food production plant of food hygiene registration, supervision and administration of food hygiene, the import and export food classification management is actually working risk management content.
2.HACCP发展潜力巨大
2.HACCP development potential is tremendous
由于HACCP是一个有针对性的安全卫生控制体系，具体讲，食品链中所有的环节都可能成为HACCP的对象，各种不同的产品或者不同的生产方式就会有相应的HACCP。由此可见，尽管企业只须通过一个ISO 9000或ISO 14000质量保证体系，但是由于产品以及加工方式不同，HACCP却可以有数个，甚至数十个。因此，围绕HACCP的认证、咨询、培训和其他相关活动的业务争夺将会是空前的剧烈。
Because HACCP is a targeted health and safety control system, in particular, in the food chain, all the links are likely to become HACCP object, a variety of different products or different modes of production will have the corresponding HACCP. Thus, although the enterprise only through a ISO 9000 or ISO 14000 quality assurance system, but as a result of product and different processing methods, HACCP can have several, even dozens of. Therefore, around the HACCP certification, consulting, training and other related activities of the business competition will be unprecedented acuteness. 中国质量认证网
检验检疫机构是国家授权的进出口食品安全性管理的主管机关，有依法行政权。HACCP是食品安全性风险管理的内容之一，从加强和规范食品安全性管理的角度，从与国际接轨的角度，我们完全可以宣布HACCP为强制性实施，目前至少可以规定高风险的食品为强制性实施。这样 HACCP的认证就自然而然有了归属。再通过发布适当的程序，围绕认证而展开的咨询、培训以及其他相关工作也会有相应的归属。
The inspection and quarantine institution authorized by the state import and export food safety management authorities, have right of administration according to law. HACCP is food safety risk management content, from strengthening and regulating food safety management perspective, from the angle that conforms with international, we can declare HACCP as a mandatory implementation, at least can provide high risk food as a mandatory implementation. So HACCP certification will come very naturally with attribution. Through the release of appropriate procedures, certification and spread out around consulting, training and other related work will also have the corresponding attribution.
六、结束语
In six, ending
在国际贸易中，目前各国的平均关税总水平已经由过去的60％，降到了10％以下，发达国家更是降低到3％左右，我国关税水平也从1992年的43％降到了目前的约平均17％，在加入WTO的过程中可能还会逐步降低。可以说，在国际贸易中逐步降低关税是一个必然的趋势。
In international trade, the average tariff level already by the past 60%, dropped to 10% the following, the developed country is reduced to 3% or so, China's tariff levels also decreased from 43% in 1992 to the current average of about 17%, in the course that joins WTO may gradually reduce. Can say, in the international trade gradually lowering the tariff is an inevitable trend.
尽管国际贸易中关税所起到的贸易保护作用在不断削弱，但是贸易保护却是依然需要的，因此近年来的国际贸易保护措施发生了较大的变化，转而采用技术性更强的手段，这就是贸易技术壁垒。据有关资料介绍，在目前的国际贸易中，贸易技术壁垒已占非关税贸易壁垒的30%。以食品安全性风险以及食品安全性管理为由是国际食品贸易中设置贸易技术壁垒的最好借口。
Despite the international trade customs play a protective role in weakening of trade, but the trade protection is still needed, so in recent years international trade protection measures produced bigger change, instead adopting technical stronger means, this is the technical barriers to trade. According to the information, in the current international trade, technical barriers to trade accounted for 30% of non tariff trade barriers. Food safety risk and food safety management is provided by the international food trade technical barriers to trade the best excuse.
检验检疫机构作为国家的行政执法部门，如果能够转变单纯检验检疫的观念，在食品安全性管理问题上采取与国际接轨的做法，凭借系统内的技术优势和执法地位，运用风险分析手段，制定对我国有利的的食品安全性风险管理措施，合理合法地设置或者抵御以食品安全性为由的贸易技术壁垒，以维护国家在对外贸易中的合法权益，促进对我国外贸易的发展。
The inspection and quarantine institutions as state administrative law enforcement departments, if can change is simple the inspection and Quarantine of the concept, in the food safety management to take the issue with the international practice, by virtue of system technology and law enforcement status, using the tools of risk analysis, drawing on our favorable food safety risk management measures, reasonable and legitimate to set or against food safety for technical barriers to trade, in order to safeguard the country's legal rights and interests in foreign trade, foreign trade to promote development.